PENGELUARAN AGGREGATE

PENGELUARAN AGGREGATE
Model Pengeluaran Aggregat
Asumsi-asumsi dan Simplifikasi
Model-model pengeluaran aggregat
Keseimbangan output dan pendapatan
Multiplier Konsumsi, Investasi, Belanja
Pemerintah, Subsidi, Pajak.
Keseimbangan output vs. Output
fullemployement (Output Gap)
Kurva pengeluaran aggregat
Tabel pengeluaran aggregat
Kemungki PDB riil Konsum si
nan
dan
( C ),
tingkat
Pendapata
Milyar
penganggu
n)
ran Jutaan PDB = DI
40
370
375
45
390
50
Tabung
an
( S ),
Milyar
Investasi Pengeluar Perubaha
an
n dalam
( I ),
aggregat persediaa
Milyar
n yang
(C + I)
tak
Milyar
terenca
na
(+ or -)
Tendensi
kesempatan
kerja, output
dan
pendapatan
5
20
395
- 25
Increase
390
0
20
410
-20
Increase
410
405
5
20
425
-15
Increase
55
430
420
10
20
440
- 10
Increase
60
450
435
15
20
455
-5
Increase
65
470
450
20
20
470
0
Equilibrium
70
490
465
25
20
485
+5
Decrease
75
510
480
30
20
500
+10
Decrease
80
530
495
35
20
515
+ 15
Decrease
85
550
510
40
20
530
+ 20
Decrease
-
-
Pada private closed economy
Pada perekonomian dengan intervensi
pemerintah
Penentuan Pendapatan Keseimbangan pd. Model Perekonomian 4 Sektor
Model Umum :
Y = C + I + G + X - M
Dimana :
Fungsi Konsumsi
: C = Co + c Yd
Disposable Income
: Yd = Y + TR - TX
Investasi Otonom
: I = Io
Belanja Pemerintah
: G = Go
Tingkat Pajak
: T = To + t Y
Transfer Payment
: TR = TRo
Ekspor Otonom
: X = Xo
Fungsi Impor
: M = Mo + mY
Maka :
Yeq =
1
-------------------- [Co + Io + Go + Xo - Mo + cTRo - cTo]
(1 - c + ct + m)
Cara menurunkan formula
Fungsi Konsumsi
: C = Co + c Yd
Disposable Income
: Yd = Y + TR - TX
Investasi Otonom
: I = Io
Belanja Pemerintah
: G = Go
Tingkat Pajak
: TX = To + t Y
Transfer Payment
: TR = TRo
Ekspor Otonom
: X = Xo
Fungsi Impor
: M = Mo + mY
Maka :
Y = Co + c Yd + Io + Go + Xo - (Mo + mY)
Y = Co + c (Y + TR - TX) + Io + Go + Xo - (Mo + mY)
Y = Co + c [Y + TR - (To + t Y)] + Io + Go + Xo - (Mo + mY)
Y = Co + c Y + cTR - cTo - ct Y + Io + Go + Xo - Mo - mY
Y - c Y + ct Y + mY = Co + Io + Go + Xo - Mo + cTR - cTo
(1 - c + ct + m) Y = Co + Io + Go + Xo - Mo + cTR – cTo
1
Yeq = -------------------------- [Co + Io + Go + Xo - Mo + cTR - cTo]
Contoh menentukan pendapatan keseimbangan
Fungsi Konsumsi
: C = 500 + 0. 8 Yd
Disposable Income
: Yd = Y + TR - TX
Investasi Otonom
: I = 400
Belanja Pemerintah
: G = 400
Tingkat Pajak
: TX = 50 + 0.1 Y
Transfer Payment
: TR = 50
Ekspor Otonom
: X = 100
Fungsi Impor
: M = 100 + 0.2 Y
Maka :
Y = Co + c Yd + Io + Go + Xo - (Mo + mY)
Y = Co + c [Y + TR - (To + t Y)] + Io + Go + Xo - (Mo + mY)
Y = Co + c Y + cTR - cTo - ct Y + Io + Go + Xo - Mo - mY
Y - c Y + ct Y + mY = Co + Io + Go + Xo - Mo + cTR - cTo
(1 - c + ct + m) Y = Co + Io + Go + Xo - Mo + cTR – cTo
1
Yeq = -------------------------- [500 + 400 + 400 + 100 - 100 + 0.8*50 - 0.8*50]
(1- 0.8 + 0.8*0.1 + 0.2)
Yeq = 1 / ( 0. 48 )
[ 1300 ] = 2.0833 * [ 1300 ] = 1302.0833
Formula Angka Pengganda Pengeluaran Otonom
• Autonomous Consumption Multipler
• ∆ Y / ∆ Co = 1 / (1 - c + ct + m)
• Autonomous Investment Multiplier
• ∆ Y / ∆ Io = 1 / (1 - c + ct + m)
• Autonomous Government spending Multiplier
• ∆ Y / ∆ Go = 1 / (1 - c + ct + m)
• Autonomous Tax Multipler
• ∆ Y / ∆ To = - c / (1 - c + ct + m)
•
•
Autonomous Transfer-payment Multiplier
∆ Y / ∆ TRo = + c / (1 - c + ct + m)