Sistem Operasi 1 - elista:.

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Konsep dasar sistem operasi, khususnya
komponen-komponen pembentuk suatu
sistem operasi.
Konsep penjadwalan CPU, pengaturan
memory, dan sistem I/O
http://codex.cs.yale.edu/avi/os-book/OS8/os8c/slide-dir/index.html
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Sebuah program yang merupakan perantara
antara pengguna komputer dan hardware
komputer
Komputer = tubuh, SO = roh
SO digunakan dalam hal:
– Mengeksekusi program dan membantu
menyediakan lingkungan bagi program yang
mudah untuk berinteraksi dengan system resource
Tujuan OS
• Convenience : user merasakan
kemudahan dan kenyamanan dalam
penggunaan
• Efficiency : resources system harus
dapat di utilisasi semaksimal mungkin
• Robustness : kehandalan sistem proteksi
terhadap kesalahan dari user / sistem
• Evolution : memudahkan
pengembangan, mendukung sistem baru
dan program aplikasi yang berkembang
start the computer
provide a user interface
manage programs
administer
security
manage
memory
control a
network
provide file
management and
other utilities
p. 392 Fig. 8-1
monitor
performance
establish an Internet
connection
schedule jobs and
configure devices
File and Folder Management
Applications Management
Support for built-in utility programs
Computer hardware control
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Menyediakan user interface
Menyediakan program execution
Menyediakan I/O operations
Menyediakan file-system manipulation
Menyediakan system communications /
networking
Mampu melakukan error detection
Mampu melakukan resource Sharing
Ada fasilitas security
Fasilitas accounting system
Kernel
File
Management
System
User Interface
Multiuser
Multitasking
Multiprocessing
Multithreading
•when two or more users can work with programs and
share peripheral devices (printer, scanner, fax)
•multiple applications operated at the same time
•more than one CPUs that can be shared
•smaller parts of a program are loaded when needed
by OS
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Microcomputers: Unix, Windows, Linux
Mainframe: IBM, Unix
Supercomputer: IRIX, Linux
Workstation, server: Linux, Windows
Networking: Linux, Netware, Windows
PDA: Blackberry, Linux, Palm, Windows Mobile
Smarphone: Symbian, Linux, Windows Mobile,
Android, RIM
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the basic difference is that @ mainframe
platform u can run more than one OS at a
time on same machine but this feature not
available at PC OS. Mainframe OS are targeted
to handle hundreds of users at a time
whereas PC OS is targeted for a single user.
a mainframe operating system will probably
need to service many users at the same time,
whereas a PC operating system normally only
has to worry about one user at a time.
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Mainframes run multiple operating systems
and operate not as a single computer but as a
number of virtual machines.
They are typically manufactured by large
companies for large-scale computing
purposes
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z/OS from IBM
While IBM System z™ servers are supported
by a number of different operating systems,
their most advanced features are powered by
z/OS
http://www-03.ibm.com/systems/z/os/zos/
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Embedded systems are special-purpose
systems in which the computer is completely
encapsulated by the device it controls.
Embedded systems perform pre-defined tasks
that have very specific requirements.
Real-time operating systems are embedded
systems with certain time requirements
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Symbian, Bada and Android OS for
smartphone
Cisco IOS for router and switch
iPodLinux for ipods
Windows CE.Net
Windows Mobile 2003
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The operating system Unix was developed
in 1960 by a group of AT&T employees.
Free Unix-like operating systems can be
used, studied, modified and redistributed
by anyone with no restrictions.
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It's a diverse group of operating systems
with several major sub-categories including
BSD, and Linux.
Unix like operating systems run on a variety
of computers but more frequently on server
systems and in academic and engineering
environments due to high stability for any
kind of processing
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Ubuntu
FreeBSD
openSUSE
Debian
Fedora
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Apple's Macintosh OS is an operating system
with a very innovative and unique design.
The history of the company behind it, Apple,
that's been around since 1976 is fascinating
and so is its cool operating system Mac OS.
Leopard merupakan versi Mac OS terbaru
(http://www.apple.com/macosx/)
Windows Version
Year Released
Windows 3.x
1990
Windows NT 3.1
1993
Windows 95
1995
Windows NT WS 4.0
1996
Windows 98
1998
Windows ME
2000
Windows 2000 Professional
2000
Windows XP
2001
Windows Vista
2006
Windows 7
2012
Windows 8
2013
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Sistem Operasi yang berbasis jaringan
A Network Operating System (NOS) is a software program that controls other
software and hardware running on a network. It also allows multiple
computers, known as networkcomputers, to communicate with one central
hub and each other to share resources, run applications, and send messages.
Such a system can consist of a wireless network, Local AreaNetwork (LAN), or
even two or three computer networks connected together. Administrators
running these networks typically have training in different network operating
systems.
Contoh:
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Novell Netware
Windows Server 2003
Linux
Solaris (Sun)
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The WebOS (Web Operating System) represent a
new form of virtual operating system that runs
directly in your browser.
The main advantages of a web operating system is
that you can access it from anywhere but it's very
arguable if it's really an operating system or not
because it runs over a browser window and have no
relation whatsoever with the hardware and its
drivers.
You will still need an operating system to run a
WebOS.
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DesktopTwo (http://desktoptwo.com)
G.ho.st (http://g.ho.st)
YouOS (http://youos.com)
BrowserOS (http://oos.cc)
eyeOS (http://eyeos.org)
Komponen-komponen Sistem
Komputer
• Perangkat keras
• CPU, RAM, storage (harddisk, floppy disk, CDROM, dsb),
piranti I/O (printer, scanner, dsb)
• Operating System
• Mengontrol dan mengkoordinasikan penggunaan
hardware dari berbagai program aplikasi dan user
• Program-program aplikasi
• Pengaturan penggunaan system resources untuk
pemecahan problem kebutuhan user (kompiler, sistem
basis data, games, dan program-program untuk bisnis)
• User
• Orang, mesin, atau komputer lain
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Process – program dalam mode eksekusi
– Eksekusi program harus pada suatu waktu yang
sekuensial
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Process vs Thread
• Process: suatu aplikasi yg running
• Thread: beberapa kegiatan dlm 1 proses
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Keuntungan:
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Responsiveness
Resource Sharing
Economy
Utilization of Multi Processors Architectures
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Memilih proses mana dari memory yang
siap diekseskusi dan mengalokasikan
resource/CPU kepadanya.
Keputusan penjadwalan CPU mungkin
terjadi waktu proses:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Switches from running to waiting state
Switches from running to ready state
Switches from waiting to ready
Terminates
• Scheduling no 1 dan 4 adalah non-preemptive
• Selainnya bersifat preemptive
• preemption is the act of temporarily interrupting
a task being carried out by a computer system, without
requiring its cooperation, and with the intention of
resuming the task at a later time.
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Why process synchronization needed?
Akses secara konkuren (hampir bersamaan)
terhadap data yang bersifat shared, dapat
menyebabkan data tidak konsisten
Terjadi race condition
Banyak algoritma sinkronisasi
– FCFS (First Come First Served)
– SJF (Shortest Job First) preemptive dan non
preemptive
– RR (Round Robin)
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Pada multiprogramming, beberapa proses
hanya memiliki resource yang terbatas.
Jika tidak ada resource yang tersedia,
process harus menunggu
2 types of resource:
– Preempt-able, ex: memory
– Non-preempt able, ex: printer
Harus menunggu jika resource tidak boleh
dipakai
– Permintaan proses mungkin diblok
– Mungkin bisa gagal dengan kode error tertentu
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Program harus dibawa (dari disk) ke memory dan
ditempatkan pada alamat tertentu agar dapat
berjalan
Main memory dan registers adalah satu-satunya
tempat penyimpanan yang dapat langsung diakses
oleh CPU
Register mengakses dalam 1 CPU clock (bisa
kurang)
Main memory mengakses dalam bnyk cycles / clock
Cache berada diantara main memory dan CPU
registers
Protection of memory dibutuhkan untuk menjamin
agar operasinya benars
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Virtual memory – pemisahan antara memori
logis dari memori fisik.
– Hanya bagian dari program yang dibutuhkan
saja yang harus ada dalam memory untuk
dieksekusi
– Logical address space dapat lebih besar daripada
physical address space
– Memperbolehkan address spaces untuk
disharing oleh beberapa processes
– Menyebabkan pembuatan proses secara lebih
efisien
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Algoritma
Algoritma
Algoritma
Algoritma
FIFO
Optimal
LRU
Perkiraan LRU
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File adalah kumpulan informasi yang
berhubungan dan tersimpan dalam
secondary storage
Tipe:
– Data (character, numeric, binary)
– Program
– Direktori
– Device
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Sifat: persistance, big size, dan sharability
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Name – disimpan dalam human readable name
Identifier – unique tag (number) dalam file system
Type – dibutuhkan oleh sistem (ex: .txt)
Location – pointer to file location di harddisk
Size – current file size
Protection – controls siapa yang reading, writing,
executing
Time, date, and user identification – data untuk
protection, security, and usage monitoring
Information about files are kept in the directory
structure, which is maintained on the disk
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Perangkat block:
◦ Meliputi berbagai disk drive
◦ Perintah baca, tulis, pencarian data
◦ Dapat digunakan untuk mengakses memory pada disk
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Perangkat character:
◦ Contoh: keyboard, mouse
◦ Perintah menulis, mengambil
◦ Dapat dibuat library pengakses data per-baris
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Perangkat jaringan:
◦ Socket: penghubung komputer dengan jaringan.
◦ Komunikasi antar komputer dilakukan melalui socket.
What is MS-DOS?
 MS-DOS stands for Microsoft Disk Operating
System. MS-DOS controls the computer’s
hardware and provides an environment for
programs to run.
◦ Run in single user, stand alone desktop computer
◦ Simple, only have few instructions
◦ For Intel 8086, 8088, 80186, & 80286
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Penjadwalan Proses
Sinkronisasi Proses
Deadlock
Manajemen Memori Nyata
Manajemen Memori Virtual
Manajemen Input / Output
Sistem Manajemen File
Implementasi Sistem File
(Kelompok 1)
(Kelompok 2)
(Kelompok 3)
(Kelompok 4)
(Kelompok 5)
(Kelompok 6)
(Kelompok 7)
(Kelompok 8)