Ekonomi Manajerial edisi revisi (2014)

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DAFTAR lSI
Kata Pengantar ..........................................................................................................................................................iii
Daftar lsi ....................................................................................................................................................................... v
Daftar Tabel ................................................................................................................................................................. x
Daftar Gambar .......................................................................................................................................................... xii
Bab I. Pengertian Dan Ruang Lingkup Ekonomi Manajerial... ............................................... 1
1.1
Ruang Lingkup dan Pengertian Ekonomi Manajerial ................................................................. l
1.2
Teori Perusahaan ........................................................................................................................................ 4
1.2.1 Pengertian dan Fungsi Perusahaan ...................................................................................... 4
1.2.2 Tujuan dan Nilai Perusahaan ................................................................................................... 5
1.3
Sifat dan Fungsi Laba ................................................................................................................................ 6
1.3.1 Sifat Laba .......................................................................................................................................... 6
1.3.2 Fungsi Laba ...................................................................................................................................... 8
1.3.3 Mengapa Ada Laba ........................................................................................................................ 8
Contoh Kasus 1.1 Laba dalam lndustri Komputer Pribadi ...................................................... 9
1.4
Etika Bisnis .................................................................................................................................................... 9
Rangkuman ............................................................................................................................................................... 12
Dilema Etis 1 .............................................................................................................................................. 13
Dilema Etis 2 .............................................................................................................................................. 13
Dilema Etis 3 .............................................................................................................................................. 14
Bab II. Teknik Optimisasi Ekonomi ............................................................................................... 16
2.1
Memaksimumkan Nilai Perusahaan ................................................................................................ 16
2.2
Metode Dalam Menggambarkan Hubungan Ekonomi ............................................................. 17
2.3
Hubungan antara Biaya Total, Rata-Rata, dan Marginal ........................................................ 18
2.4
Analisis Optimisasi .................................................................................................................................. 20
2.4.1 Aturan Diferensial ...................................................................................................................... 21
2.5
Optimisasi dengan Kalkulus ................................................................................................................ 21
2.5.1 Menentukan Maksimum atau Minimum dengan Kalkulus ...................................... 21
2.5.2 Membedakan antara Maksimum dan Minimum: Turunan Kedua ....................... 22
2.6
Optimisasi Multivariat ........................................................................................................................... 29
2.6.1 Memaksimumkan Fungsi Multivariat ............................................................................... 31
2.7
Optimisasi Terkendala ........................................................................................................................... 32
2.7.1 Substitusi ....................................................................................................................................... 33
2.7.2 Metode Langrange ..................................................................................................................... 33
2.8
Peralatan Manajemen Baru untuk Optimisasi ............................................................................ 35
Contoh Kasus 2.1 lmplementasi TQM di lnstitusi Perguruan Tinggi ............................... 38
Rangkuman ............................................................................................................................................................... 39
Soal Latihan dan Aplikasi Kasus ...................................................................................................................... 41
v
Bab III. Penerapan Permintaan, Penawaran dan Keseimbangan Pasar Dalam
Perekonomian ..........................................................................................................................45
3.1
Permintaan ................................................................................................................................................. 45
3.1.1 Hukum Permintaan (The Law of Demand) ...................................................................... 46
3.1.2 Fungsi Permintaan .................................................................................................................... 46
3.1.3 Faktor-Faktor yang Mempengaruhi Jumlah Permintaan ......................................... 47
3.1.4 Tabel Permintaan ....................................................................................................................... 52
3.1.5 Kurva Permintaan ...................................................................................................................... 52
3.1.6 Permintaan Pasar vs Permintaan Individu ..................................................................... 57
3.1.7 Gerakan Sepanjang Kurva Permintaan ............................................................................ 58
3.1.8 Pergeseran Kurva Permintaan ............................................................................................. 60
Contoh Kasus 3.1 Dua Cara dalam Mengurangi Jumlah Permintaan terhadap
Rokok. .............................................................................................................................................. 61
Contoh Kasus 3.2 Permintaan Berlebih ...................................................................................... 62
Contoh Kasus 3.3 Pemerintah Menetapkan Batas Harga Tertinggi Akibat
Permintaan Berlebih ...................................................................................... 63
3.2
Penawaran .................................................................................................................................................. 64
3.2.1 Defenisi ........................................................................................................................................... 64
3.2.2 Faktor-Faktor yang Mempengaruhi Penawaran .......................................................... 65
3.2.3 Fungsi Penawaran ..................................................................................................................... 66
3.3
Gabungan Penawaran dan Permintaan .......................................................................................... 67
3.3.1 Titik Keseimbangan .................................................................................................................. 67
Contoh Kasus 3.4Harga Dasar ............................................................................................................ 67
3.3.2 Menentukan Keadaan Keseimbangan secara Angka .................................................. 68
3.3.3 Keadaan Keseimbangan secara Grafik. ............................................................................. 68
Contoh Kasus 3.5Upah Minimum ..................................................................................................... 71
Contoh Kasus 3.6 Analisis Permintaan dan Penawaran Bea: Impor Minyak ................ 72
Contoh Soal 3.7 Penerapan Konsep Permintaan ....................................................................... 72
3.4
Konvergensi Internasional pada Selera ......................................................................................... 74
3.5
Electronic Commerce ............................................................................................................................... 74
Rangkuman ............................................................................................................................................................... 76
Soal Latihan dan Aplikasi Kasus ...................................................................................................................... 77
Bab IV.Penerapan Elastisitas Dalam Pengambil Keputusan Menejerial ......................... 83
4.1
Elastisitas Permintaan ........................................................................................................................... 83
4.1.1 Defenisi Elastisitas Permintaan ........................................................................................... 83
4.1.2 Jenis-Jenis Elastisitas Permintaan ...................................................................................... 84
4.1.3 Faktor-Faktor Penentu Tinggi Rendahnya Tingkat Elastisitas ............................. 88
4.1.4 Metode Menghitung Elastisitas ............................................................................................ 89
4.1.5 Menghitung Elastisitas Permintaan ................................................................................... 93
4.1.5.1 Menghitung Elastisitas Permintaan terhadap Harga ................................ 93
Contoh Kasus 4.1Elastisitas Permin taan terhadap Harga di Dunia Nyata ..................... 95
4.1.5.2 Elastisitas Permintaan terhadap Pendapatan .............................................. 96
4.1.5.3 Elastisitas Permintaan Silang terhadap Harga ............................................ 97
Contoh Kasus 4.2Elastisitas Permintaan Silang terhadap Harga di Dunia Nyata ....... 98
4.1.6 Elastisitas Harga dan Struktur Pasar .............................................................................. 101
4.1.7 Hubungan Tingkat Elastisitas dan Total Penerimaan (TR) ................................... 101
vi
4.2
a1am
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Elastisitas Penawaran terhadap Harga (Price Elasticity O/Supply - Es ) ......................... 106
4.2.1 Defenisi ......................................................................................................................................... 106
4.2.2 Jenis E1astisitas dan Kurva Penawaran .......................................................................... 106
4.2.3 Faktor-Faktor yang Mempengaruhi Elastisitas Penawaran ................................. 110
4.2.4 Penggunaan Elastisitas Penawaran dalam Pengambilan
KeputusanManajerial ............................................................................................................. 111
Contoh Kasus 4.3 Permintaan, Penawaran dan Elastisitas .............................................. 112
Rangkuman .............................................................................................................................................................113
Soal Latihan dan Aplikasi Kasus .................................................................................................................... 115
Bab V.Estimasi Permintaan .........................................................................................................................122
5.1
Masalah Identifikasi ..............................................................................................................................123
5.2
Pendekatan Penelitian Pemasaran Untuk Estimasi Permintaan ...................................... 123
5.2.1 Survei Konsumen .....................................................................................................................123
5.2.2 Penelitian Observasi ............................................................................................................... 124
Contoh Kasus 5.1 Pemasaran Mikro: Pemasaran Zero Terhadap Konsum en ............. 125
5.2.3 Klinik Konsumen ...................................................................................................................... 126
5.2.4 Eksperimen Pasar ....................................................................................................................127
Contoh Kasus 5.2Estimasi Permintaan untuk Jeruk dengan Eksperimen Pasar .......128
Contoh Kasus 5.3 Kerja Sarna Tim Lintas Divisi ...................................................................... 129
5.3
Estimasi Permintaan dengan Analisis Regresi ..........................................................................130
5.4
Pengenalan terhadap Analisis Regresi .........................................................................................131
5.4.1 Analisis Regresi Sederhana ................................................................................................. 132
Contoh Kasus 5.4 Resiko dalam Peramalan Permintaan .....................................................136
5.4.2 Analisis Regresi Berganda .................................................................................................... 137
Contoh Kasus 5.5 Mengestimasi Permintaan Untuk Penerbangan Melintasi
North Atlantic ................................................................................................... 138
5.5
Masalah dalam Analisis Regresi ......................................................................................................139
5.5.1 Normalitas ................................................................................................................................... 139
5.5.2 Multikolinieritas ....................................................................................................................... 139
5.5.3 Heteroskedastisitas ................................................................................................................. 140
5.5.4 Autokorelasi ............................................................................................................................... 141
Contoh Kasus 5.6 Peramalan Permintaan yang Memberikan Keunggulan
Bersaing Bagi Disney ..................................................................................... 150
Rangkuman ............................................................................................................................................................. 151
Soal Latihan dan Aplikasi Kasus .................................................................................................................... 154
&-__.. .. .... ............. 83
;--__ ..................... 84
~ ...:..;:,,_"..................... 88
& - _...................... 89
1 - - _.... ................... 93
1;=._ _._ .. ................... 93
..................... 95
~_ _...................... 96
f - - _ .......................... 97
'a Nyata ....... 98
E--_...... ................. 101
f--__. ........ ............. 101
Bab VI. Ekonomi Produksi dan Estimasi. ................................................................................. 159
6.1
Pendahuluan ............................................................................................................................................159
6.2
Penerapan Konsep Produksi .............................................................................................................159
6.2.1 Konsep Dasar Produksi yang Perlu Diingat ................................................................. 159
6.3
Organisasi Produksi dan Fungsi Produksi .................................................................................. l60
6.3.1 Organisasi Produksi ................................................................................................................160
6.3.2 Fungsi Produksi ........................................................................................................................ 161
Contoh Kasus 6.1 Menentukan Sumber Daya yang Dibutuhkan .......................................162
6.4
Fungsi Produksi dengan Satu Input Variabel ............................................................................ 163
6.4.1 Hubungan antara Produk Marginal (MP),Produk Rata-Rata (AP),
Elastisitas (E),dan Strategi Pembuatan Keputusan Manajerial.. ......................... 166
vii
6.5
Penggunaan InputVariabel secara Optimum ............................................................................ 169
Contoh Kasus 6.2 Mengapa Perusahaan Lebih Memilih Melakukan Outsource
daripadaMemproduksi Sendiri Produk-Produknya? ............................................................ 172
6.6
Fungsi Produksi dengan Dua Input Variabel ............................................................................. l72
6.6.1 Isokuan Produksi ..................................................................................................................... 172
6.6.1.1 Wilayah Ekonomis Produksi ............................................................................. 173
6.6.1.2 Tingkat Marginal dari Substitusi Teknis ...................................................... 174
Contoh Kasus 6.3 Peningkatan Substitusi Tenaga Kerja dengan Modal untuk
Meningkatkan Produktivitas Tenaga Kerja .......................................... l77
6.7
Kombinasi InputOptimum ................................................................................................................. 177
6.8
Kombinasi Input Optimum untuk Meminimumkan Biaya atau
MemaksimumkanOutput .................................................................................................................... 179
6.9
Efek Perubahan Harga Input... .......................................................................................................... 184
Contoh Kasus 6.4 Kemampuan Substitusi antara Bensin dan Waktu
Berkendara ......................................................................................................... 185
6.10 Skala Hasil ................................................................................................................................................. 186
6.11 Fungsi Produksi Empiris .................................................................................................................... 190
Contoh Kasus 6.5 Spesialisasi merupakan Proses yang dilakukan pada Pabrik
Peniti ..................................................................................................................... 192
Contoh Kasus 6.6 Merger Merupakan Skala Ekonomis di Bidang Perbankan ...........193
Rangkuman ............................................................................................................................................................. 194
Melatih Etika Bisnis Anda ................................................................................................................................ 196
Soal Latihan dan Aplikasi Kasus ....................................................................................................................197
Bah VII. Teori dan Estimasi Biaya .............................................................................................. 202
7.1
Karakteristik Biaya ................................................................................................................................ 202
7.2
Fungsi Biaya Jangka Pendek ............................................................................................................. 203
Contoh Kasus 7.1 Kerja Sama Tim Lintas Divisi ....................................................................... 211
7.3
Biaya Jangka Panjang ........................................................................................................................... 211
Contoh Kasus 7.2 Analisis Marginal: Toko Es Krim ................................................................ 216
Ukuran Pabrik dan Skala Ekonomis .............................................................................................. 218
7.4
7.4.1 Biaya Jangka Panjang: Skala Ekonomis, dan Disekonomis Skala
Penghasilan Meningkat ......................................................................................................... 218
Contoh Kasus 7.3 Skala Ekonomis di Bidang Perbankan, 2005 ........................................ 220
Contoh Kasus 7.4Skala Ekonomis dalam Produksi Telur .................................................... 221
7.4.2 Skala Penghasilan Konstan .................................................................................................. 221
7.4.3 Skala Disekomis ....................................................................................................................... 222
7.5
Kurva Pembelajaran ............................................................................................................................. 222
7.6
Estimasi Empiris Fungsi Biaya ......................................................................................................... 225
7.6.1 Masalah Data dan Pengukuran dalam Mengestimasi Fungsi Biaya
Jangka Pendek ........................................................................................................................... 225
7.6.2 Bentuk Fungsional Fungsi Biaya Jangka Pendek ....................................................... 225
7.6.3 Mengestimasi Fungsi Biaya Jangka Panjang dengan Cross-sectional
Regression Analysis .................................................................................................................. 2 26
7.6.4 Mengestimasi Fungsi Biaya Jangka Panjang dengan Teknik Rekayasa
danSurvival ................................................................................................................................. 226
7.7
Dilema Etis ................................................................................................................................................ 227
Rangkuman ............................................................................................................................................................. 227
Soal Latihan dan Aplikasi Kasus ....................................................................................................................230
viii
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Bab VIII. Menentukan Harga dan Jumlah Prod uk Optimum pada Struktur Pasar
Persaingan Sempurna dan Monopoli ............................................................................ 234
8.1
Pendahuluan ............................................................................................................................................234
8.2
Pengertian dan Jenis-Jenis Struktur Pasar .................................................................................. 235
8.3
Pasar Persaingan Sempurna ............................................................................................................. 238
8.3.1 Ciri·Ciri Pasar Persaingan Sempurna : ............................................................................ 238
8.3.2 Kebaikan Pasar Persaingan Sempurna ...........................................................................239
8.3.3 Keburukan·Keburukan Pasar Persaingan Sempurna Antara Lain : ................... 240
Contoh Kasus 8.1 Industri Tekstil Katun merupakan Contoh Perusahaan
Persaingan Sempurna ....................................................................................241
8.3.4 Penentuan Harga dan Jumlah Produk dalam Pasar Persaingan
Sempurna .....................................................................................................................................241
8.3.5 Analisis Jangka Pendek Perusahaan Persaingan Sempurna ................................. 244
8.3.5.1 Keputusan Jangka Pendek Perusahaan untuk Tutup ............................. 246
8.3.6 Analisis Jangka Panjang Perusahaan Persaingan Sempurna ................................ 248
8.3.6.1 Mengapa Perusahaan Terus Bekerja Jika Keuntungannya Nol ? ........ 249
8.4
Struktur Pasar Monopoli .................................................................................................................... 250
8.4.1 Ciri·Ciri Pasar Monopoli ........................................................................................................ 251
8.4.2 Keburukan Monopoli .............................................................................................................. 251
8.4.3 Perbedaan Monopoli Murni dan Monopolo Alamiah ............................................... 253
Contoh Kasus 8.2 Hambatan Masuk Pasar dan MonopoJi ................................................... 254
8.4.4 Alasan Munculnya Monopoli ............................................................................................... 255
8.4.5 Penetapan Harga Pasar Monopoli .................................................................................... 255
8.4.5.1 Penentuan Harga dan Output Jangka pendek pada Perusahaan
Monopoli ..................................................................................................................... 2 5 5
8.4.5.2 Penentuan Harga dan Output Jangka Panjang dalam
Perusahaan Monopoli ........................................................................................... 256
8.4.6 Perbandingan antara Persaingan Sempurna dan Monopoli ................................. 257
8.4.7 Biaya Sosial dari Monopoli .................................................................................................. 257
Contoh Kasus 8.3 Monopoli Berlian Debeers ............................................................................ 258
Contoh Kasus 8.4 Nilai Pasar Laba Monopoli dalam Industri Taksi di Kota New
york ........................................................................................................................259
8.4.8 Cara Mengatasi Efek NegatifMonopoli .......................................................................... 259
8.4.9 Monopoli Tidak Selalu Buruk ............................................................................................. 260
8.4.10 Diskriminasi Harga .................................................................................................................. 260
Contoh Kasus 8.5 Diskriminasi Harga padaObat.. ................................................................... 262
Rangkuman .............................................................................................................................................................265
Soal Latihan dan Aplikasi Kasus .................................................................................................................... 266
Daftar Pustaka ....................................................................................................................................................... 271
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ix
DAFTAR GAMBAR
No
1.1
2.1
2.2
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5
3.6
3.7
3.8
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
4.5
4.6
4.7
4.8
4.9
4.10
4.11
5.1
5.2
5.3
6.1
6.2
6.3
6.4
6.5
6.6
6.7
6.8
6.9
6.10
6.11
6.12
7.1
7.2
7.3
7.4
7.5
xii
ludul
Halaman
Peran Ekonomi Manajerial dalam Pengambilan Keputusan .................................................... 3
Kurva Penerimaan Total Perusahaan .............................................................................................. 17
Kurva TC,AC, dan MC ............................................................................................................................... 19
Kurva Permintaan Individual untuk Komoditas Kopi .............................................................. 52
Kurva Permintaan Indidual 1 dan 2 ................................................................................................. 58
Kurva Permintaan Pasar ........................................................................................................................ 58
Gerakan Sepanjang Kurva Permintaan ........................................................................................... 59
Pergeseran Kurva Permintaan ............................................................................................................ 59
Keseimbangan yang Stabil .................................................................................................................... 69
Pasar dalam Kondisi Tidak Seimbang .............................................................................................. 70
Pasar Minyak Mentah AS, 1989 .......................................................................................................... 73
Permintaan Inelastis SempurnaElastisitas=O ............................................................................... 84
Permintaan Inelastis ................................................................................................................................ 85
Permintaan Elastis Uniter: Elastisitas =1.. .................................................................................... 86
Pernlintaan yang Elastis ........................................................................................................................ 87
Permintaan Elastis Sempurna ............................................................................................................. 88
Kurva Penawaran Elastis .................................................................................................................... 106
Kurva Penawaran Inelastis ................................................................................................................ 107
Kurva Penawaran Uniter .................................................................................................................... 107
Kurva Penawaran Inelastis Sempurna ......................................................................................... 108
Kurva Penawaran Elastis Sempurna ............................................................................................. 109
Peningkatan Penawaran dalam Pasar Jagung ........................................................................... 113
Diagram Penear Harga Produk dan Penerimaan Penjualan ............................................... 131
Garis Regresi ............................................................................................................................................ 132
Gangguan Heteroskedastisitas dan Autokorelasi... ................................................................. 142
Kurva Total Produksi (TPL), Marginal Produksi (MP L), Rata-Rata Produk
Produksi (AP L) dari Tenaga Kerja .................................................................................................. 165
Kurva Total Produksi (TPL), Produksi Marginal (MPL), dan Produksi Rata-Rata
(APL), serta Tahapan Produksi ......................................................................................................... 167
Penggunaan Optimum dari Tenaga Kerja ................................................................................... 171
Isokuan ....................................................................................................................................................... 173
Porsi Relevan Isokuan ......................................................................................................................... 174
Kemiringan dari Isokuan .................................................................................................................... 175
Garis Isokos .............................................................................................................................................. 178
Kombinasi Input Optimum ................................................................................................................ 180
Kombinasi Optimum Bahan Bakar dan Waktu Berkendaraan .......................................... 186
Skala Hasil Tetap .................................................................................................................................... 187
Skala Hasil Meningkat .......................................................................................................................... 188
Skala Hasil Menurun ............................................................................................................................. 188
Kurva TC, TVC, TFC ............................................................................................................................... 204
Kurva MC, ATC, AVC, AFC ................................................................................................................... 204
Kemungkinan Bentuk dari Kurva AC ............................................................................................ 212
Penurunan Kurva Biaya Total, Rata-Rata, dan Marginal dalam Jangka Panjang ....... 213
Kurva Pembeiajaran ............................................................................................................................. 223
8.1
8.2
Halaman
"'--."........................... 3
:...-... ....................... 17
'----_...................... 19
~ ....................... 52
~ ...................... 58
~ ....................... 58
'----." ..................... 59
'----_ ...................... 59
:...-,....................... 69
:...--...................... 70
___- -...................... 73
,..._ _ ...................... 84
r--__ .................... 85
r _
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1--_ _ .... .. ............. 87
~._ _ .................... 88
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~_ _ ................ 107
~_ _ ................ 107
~_ _................ 108
1--_ _ ............. 109
~ ___ ".............. 113
~.-_ ............... 131
~_ _ ............... 132
~_-_ .............. 142
8.3
8.4
8.5
8.6
Keseimbangan Pasar ........................................................................................................................... 243
Tingkat Harga dan Tingkat Produksi Optimum pada Perusahaan dalam Pasar
Persaingan Sempurna .......................................................................................................................... 244
Analisis Jangka Pendek Perusahaan untuk Tutup ............................................... :................... 246
Keseimbangan Jangka Panjang pada Industri Persaingan Sempurna ............................ 249
Penentuan Harga dan Output Jangka Pendek oleh Seorang Monopolis ........................ 256
Penentuan Harga dan Output Jangka Panjang oleh Seorang Monopolis ...................... 256
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~-C=:- jang ....... 213
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xiii
DAFTAR TABEL
No
Halaman
Daftar Penerimaan Total Perusahaan ............................................................................................. 17
Biaya Total (TC) , Rata-Rata (AC), dan Marginal (MC) pada Perusahaan yang
Menjual Alat-Alat Kesehatan .............................................................................................................. 19
Aturan Fungsi Diferensiasi .................................................................................................................. 21
2.3
Ringkasan Bentuk Hubungan Variabel-Variabel yang Mempengaruhi Jumlah
3.1
Produk yang Diminta pad a Waktu Tertentu ................................................................................ 50
Permintaan Terhadap Kopi pada Berbagai Tingkat Harga ................................................... 52
3.2
Permintaan Individu dan Permintaan Pasar ............................................................................... 57
3.3
3.4
Ringkasan Bentuk Hubungan Variabel-Variabel dalam Fungsi Penawaran
dengan Kuantitas Penawaran Produk pada Waktu Tertentu .............................................. 57
Permintaan dan Penawaran Pulp en ................................................................................................ 68
3.5
Skedul Permintaan untuk Fungsi Permintaan Qdx = 85-3Pz. . .
····· ··90
4.1
4.2
Elastisitas Titik untuk Fungsi Permintaan Qdx = 85-3Pz
·· 91
4.3
Skedul Permintaan untuk Fungsi Permintaan Qdx = 85-3P ................................................... 91
4.4
Elastisitas Busur untuk Fungsi Permintaan Qdx = 85-3P ........................................................ 92
4.5
Estimasi Jangka Pendek dan Jangka Panjang dari Elastisitas Permintaan
Terhadap Harga (Ep) untuk Beberapa Komoditas di Amerika Serikat ........................... 95
4.6
E1astisitas Pendapatan untuk Beberapa Produk. ....................................................................... 97
4.7
Estimasi Elastisitas Permintaan Silang terhadap Harga [EAS] antara
Beberapa Komoditas di Amerika Serikat ...................................................................................... 98
4.8
Hubungan Elastisitas Permintaan dengan Penerimaan Total (TR) dan
Penerimaan Marginal (MR) ............................................................................................................... 102
4.9
Data Hubungan antara Jumlah Produk yang Diminta(Qd)dengan Harga
Produk(P) ..................................................................................................................................................103
4.10 Perhitungan Estimasi Fungsi Permintaan .................................................................................. 105
4.11 Ringkasan Koefisien Elastisitas Penawaran .............................................................................. 110
5.1
Elastisitas Permintaan terhadap Harga dan Harga Silang untuk Jeruk Florida
Indian River, Florida Inter ior, dan California ............................................................................ 128
5.2
Daftar Harga Produk dengan Pendapatan Penjualan ............................................................ 131
5.3
Perhitungan untuk Mengestimasi Garis Regresi Linier Sederhana .................................133
5.4
Kalkulasi untuk Mengestimasi Galat Standar b........................................................................ 134
5.5
Perhitungan untuk Mengestimasi Nilai Koefisien Determinasi(RZ) ................................135
5.6
Data Hubungan antara Kuantitas Produkyang diminta dengan Harga ........................ 143
5.7
Perhitungan untuk Mengestimasi Garis Regresi Linier Sederhana ................................. 143
5.8
Data Kuantitas Permintaan(Qd) dan Harga Produk. ............................................................... 146
5.9
Perhitungan untuk Mengestimasi Garis Regresi Linier Berganda ................................... 146
5.10 Data Permintaan Sepatu ..................................................................................................................... 154
5.11 Data Hubungan antara Kuantitas Produk yang diminta dengan Produk. ..................... 154
2.1
2.2
....
Judul
x
5.12
Halaman
r-_ _ ................. 17
6.1
6.2
6.3
6.4
~_ _..................
21
ah
~ ___ . .,................. 50
_
................. 52
~ ___ .. .............. 57
_
.... ............. 57
1--_ _ .... ....... .. ... 68
··· 90
~~---·········· · · · 91
~_ _ ................
_
91
................ 92
7.1
7.2
7.3
7.4
7.5
7.6
7.7
7.8
8.1
8.2
Data Hubungan antara Kuantitas Produk, Harga, dan Pendapatan
Konsumen .................................................................................................................................................155
Fungsi Produksi dengan Dua Input Variabel ............................................................................. 162
Fungsi Produksi dengan Satu Input Variabel ............................................................................ 164
Hubungan antara Produk Marginal(MP), Produksi Rata-Rata (AP),
Elastisitas(£L), dan Strategi Pembuatan Keputusan Manajerial... .................................... 166
Hubungan antara Total Produksi (TPL), Produk Marginal (MPL),
Pendapatan Marginal (MRL), Produk Pendapatan Marginal (MRPL) dan
Biaya Sumber Daya Marginal Tenaga Kerja (MRCL) .............................................................. 170
Biaya Jangka Pendek Suatu Perusahaan ...................................................................................... 203
Hubungan antara MC, ATC, Eedan Strategi Pembuatan Keputusan Manajerial... ...... 205
Ringkasan Model Regresi Kubik dalam Fungsi Biaya Jangka Pendek ............................ 207
Perhitungan Biaya yang Relevan .................................................................................................... 209
Ikhtisar Konsep Biaya .......................................................................................................................... 210
Strategi Pembuatan Keputusan dalam Pengendalian Skala Usaha .................................. 212
Biaya Jangka Panjang ........................................................................................................................... 213
Strategi Pembuatan Keputusan dalam Pengendalian Lingkup Usaha ........................... 214
Asumsi-Asumsi yang Melandasi Bentuk Pasar ......................................................................... 237
Perbandingan antara Persaingan Sempurna dan Monopoli ............................................... 257
. _ ".................. 98
1-_ _ _ ... ............ 102
_ _.................103
~_ _ ................ 105
_
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"--__,..................128
_ _................... 131
[ _ _ ................... 133
_ ..................134
____ ....................135
t.- -
.......................146
........................ 154
uk...................... 154
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