C i Country report on rice cultivation practice: Indonesia cultivation

Country report on rice C
i
cultivation practice: Indonesia
cultivation practice:
Iman Rusmana
Bogor Agricultural University
Expert Meeting
2‐3 June 2011
Bangkok, Thailand g ,
1
INDONESIA
Population : 230 mill, 4th in the world
17 300 islands
17.300
Papua
Kalimantan
Sumatera
Sulawesi
Bali
Java
Java :
60 % of population,
60 % off food
f d production
d ti
13 % of land 2
General Information
General Information
Figure of Indonesia
 Population
: 230 million
 Pop growth rate : 1.35%/year
1 35%/year
 Total land area : 190 million ha
 Agriculture sector in Indonesia
Provides jjob opportunities to 20 million
households
Contributes 66% to GDP
Contributes
Rice productivity : 5.01 ton/ha
Rice consumption : 137 kg/cap/year
250,000,000
Pop
pulation
200,000,000
150,000,000
100 000 000
100,000,000
50 000 000
50,000,000
0
1971
1980
1990
1995
Year
2000
2010
Area of Rice Cultivation and Production in 2005-2010
70
60
13
50
12.5
40
12
30
Area (ha)
Production (ton)
Production (ton)
11.5
11
20
10
0
2005
2006
2007
2008
Year
2009
2010
Producction (m
million tton)
Area o
of Rice ccultivattion ((million
n ha)
13.5
Rice Variety
Rice Variety
Form 1943 up to 2007:
 190 rice varieties of wetland were released
 30 rice varieties of dryland were released
Mostly cultivated:
IR-64
Ciherang
Way Apo Buru IR 42
Memberamo
Cisadane
Cisokan
Cibogo
Ciliwung
Widas
IR 66
4000000
Rice Variety mostly cultivated in Indonesia
Arrea of Cu
ultivation
n (ha)
3500000
3000000
2500000
2000000
1500000
1000000
500000
0
Rice Variety
1.6
1
6 1.6 1.1 1.1 1.1
IR‐64
1.8
Ciherang
2.4
Ciliwung
3.3
Way Apo Buru
31.4
IR 42
8
Widas
Memberamo
Cisadane
IR 66
21.8
Cisokan
Cibogo
Percentage of Rice Variety Cultivated in Indonesia
in Indonesia
Methane emission and rice p
productivity
y of
several rice varieties
Rice Cultivation Practices
Map of Soil Distribution in Indonesia
W t acid
Wet,
id parentt material
t i l
D alkaline
Dry,
lk li parentt material
t i l
10
Distribution of rice soils in Indonesia
Wetland Distribution by Island
12.62%
5.44% 0.80%
11.61%
41.13%
Java
Sumatera
Sulawesi
28.39%
Kalimantan
Bali &Nusa tenggara
Bali &Nusa tenggara
Total area of wetland in Indonesia in 2008 was 8.01 million
hectare
Wetland Area (ha) by Type of Irrigation
3005016
5008720
Irrigated wetland
Non irrigated wetland
Percentage of Wetland Area by Type of Irrigation
37.50%
62.50%
Irrigated wetland
Non irrigated g
wetland
80.0
Rice Production
70.0
60.0
2009
67.3
64.4 66.4
Million to
on
2010
50.0
40.0
2011 (prediction)
2011
( di ti )
34.9 36.4 36.4
30.0
29.5 30.0 30.9
20.0
10 0
10.0
0.0
Java
Out of Java
Out of Java
Berita Resmi Statistik No. 18/03/Th. XIV, 1 Maret 2011
Indonesia
10,000,000
1. N
Nanggroe Aceh
h D.
2. Sumatera Uttara
2
3. Sumatera Baarat
3
4. R i a u
5. J a m
m b i
6. SSumatera Selatan
7. Bengkkulu
8. Lampu
ung
9. Bangka Belitu
ung
10
0. Riau Kepulau
uan
11. D.K.I. Jakaarta
12. Jawa Baarat
13. Jawa Tenggah
14. D.I. Yogyakaarta
15. Jawa Tim
mur
16. Banten
17. B aa l i
18. Nussa Tenggara Baarat
19. Nusa Tenggara Tim
mur
20. Kalimantan Baarat
21. Kaalimantan Tenggah
22. Kaalimantan Selatan
23. K
Kalimantan Tim
mur
24. Sulawesi Uttara
25.. Sulawesi Tenggah
26. Sulawesi Selatan
27. SSulawesi Tengggara
28. Goronttalo
29. Sulawesi Baarat
2
30. Malu
uku
31. Maluku Uttara
3
32. Papua Baarat
33. Pap
pua
Producction (to
on)
12 000 000
12,000,000
Rice production in 2009
8,000,000
6,000,000
4,000,000
2 000 000
2,000,000
0
Province
Acceh
SSumatera Utara
SSumatera baarat
Riau
mbi
Jam
Sumatera Selattan
Bengkulu
ung
Lampu
Bangka Belitu
B
ung
Kepulauan Riau
K
DKI Jakaarta
Jawa Baarat
Jawa Tenggah
DI Yogyakaarta
Jawa Tim
mur
Bantten
Bali
B
Nusa Tenggara Baarat
mur
Nusa TTenggara Tim
Kaalimantan Baarat
Kalim
mantan Tenggah
Kalim
mantan Selattan
Kallimantan Tim
mur
Sulawesi Utara
Sulawesi Tenggah
ulawesi Selattan
Su
Sulaawesi Tenggara
Goronttalo
Sulawesi Baarat
Malu
uku
Maluku Utara
Papua Baarat
Pap
pua
Rice pro
oduction (tton)
Rice production in 2010 (by Province)
14000000
12000000
10000000
8000000
6000000
4000000
2000000
0
Aceh
Su
umatera Utara
Su
umatera baratt
Riau
Jambi
Sum
matera Selatan
Bengkulu
Lampungg
Baangka Belitungg
Keepulauan Riau
DKI Jakarta
Jawa Baratt
Jawa Tengah
DI Yogyakarta
Jawa Timurr
Banten
Bali
Nusa TTenggara Baratt
Nusa Teenggara Timurr
Kalimantan Baratt
Kalim
mantan Tengah
Kalim
mantan Selatan
Kalimantan Timurr
SSulawesi Utara
Sulawesi Tengah
Sulawesi Selatan
Sulawesi Tenggara
Gorontalo
o
SSulawesi Baratt
Maluku
Maluku Utara
Papua Baratt
Papua
Area of Rice Cultivation (haa)
Area of Rice Cultivation in 2010 (by Province)
2500000
2000000
1500000
1000000
500000
0
P fil off h
Profile
harvestt iin 2008-2010
2008 2010
Rice Cultivation Practices
Rice Cultivation Practices
Wetland:
Flooded wetland is still the dominant of rice
production in Indonesia
SRI (System of Rice Intensification):
The Agriculture ministry of Indonesia plans to
increase the use of the SRI:
- 2011 : 100.000 ha
- 2012 : 200.000 ha
- 2015 : 1,5 million ha
Study of SRI in Indonesia
NATIONAL AVE. 4.8 T/HA
YIELD INCREASES
LOCATION
O O
CENTRAL LOMBOK
SUMBAWA GARUT
SUKABUMI
SUKABUMI, NOSC
S.E.T.C. PANDAAN
EAST JAVA
BOGOR, ,
WEST JAVA
PADANG, W. SUMATRA
CONVEN‐
S.R.I
TIONAL
(TONS/HA)
‐
11.2
‐
14.3
‐
13.5
‐
12 6
12.6
5.38
6.85
5.5
10.5
5.0
7.5
‐
9.67‐
11 0
11.0
Reference
Sa o ( 00 )
Sato (2007)
Sato (2007)
Sato (2007)
Sato (2007)
Sato (2007)
Ardi and Iswandi (2008)
Herodian et al, (2008)
Sugiyanta
gy
((2008))
Musliar (2007‐
2008)
S.R.I RICE CULTIVATION AT THREE LOCATIONS IN WEST JAVA
NO. OF TILLERS/HILL
YIELD
COMPON
ENTS
RICE CULTIVATION
CONVENTIONAL
TANJUNG SARI
INORGANIC S.R.I
41.15b
ORGANIC S.R.I
29.60a
MIXED
39.40b
SUKABUMI
DEPOK
30.30a
17.3a
30.30 a
41.15b
26.45c
29.60a
20.95b
39.40b
18.7ab
YIELD (TON/HA)
RICE CULTIVATION
CONVENTIONAL
INORGANIC S R I
INORGANIC S.R.I
ORGANIC S.R.I
MIXED
TANJUNG SARI
SUKABUMI
3.59
4.58
4.35
5.32
3.55
4.72
3. 96
4.97
DEPOK
Correlation between SRI and Methane emission
METHANE EMISSION FROM SUKARAJA (SUKABUMI) (Iswandi et al. 2009)
2 WAT
4 WAT
TREATMENTS
6 WAT
8 WAT
10 WAT
AVERAGE
mg C‐CH4 m‐2 h‐1
T0 =CONVENTIONAL 2021.2
9939.3
‐1.95
1.95
‐5.48
5.48
2.49
T1=IN‐ORGANIC S.RI.I
0.00
0.00
1.00
‐3.77
‐1.05
T2=IN‐ORGANIC S.RI.I
0.00
‐279.4
5.07
‐1.98
0.43
T3= MIXED
0.00
1517.3
3.50
1.25
5.82
2391.1
‐0.76
‐55.2
305.6
S.R.I. REDUCED
CH4 EMISSION
FROM RICE
FIELD
SIGNIFICANTLY
N2O EMISSION SUKABUMI
6 WAT
8 WAT
10 WAT
TREATMENTS
µg N‐N20/m2/h
T0= CONVENTIONAL
‐173.35
158.78
36.06
T1= IN‐ORGANIC S.R.I.
4128.40
489.75
42.32
T2 = ORGANIC S.R.I.
‐359.20
35.74
‐100.84
T3= MIXED
230.13
165.11
10.24
N20 EMISSION AT TANJUNGSARI
6 WAT
ORGANIC
FERTILIZER
REDUCED N20
EMISSION
8 WAT
TREATMENTS
µg N‐N20/m2/h
T0=CONVENTIONAL
63.88
423.91
T1=IN‐ORGANIC S.R.I.
97.14
1247.84
‐509.96
‐769.28
64.59
359.11
T2=ORGANIC S.R.I
T3=MIXED
Total microbes and number of beneficial soil microbes
under conventional and S.R.I.
S R I rice cultivation methods
at Tanjung Sari and Bogor (Iswandi et al. 2009)
Treatments
Total
Microbes*
Azotobacter* Azospirillum*
(x103)
(x103)
PSM*
(x104)
(x105)
Conventional (T0)
2.3a
1.9a
0.9a
3.3a
Inorganic S.R.I (T1)
2.7a
2.2a
1.7ab
4.0a
Organic S.R.I (T2)
3.8b
3.7b
2.8bc
5.9b
Inorganic S.R.I + BF (T3)
4 8c
4.8c
4 4b
4..4b
3 3c
3.3c
6 4b
6.4b
*CFU/g soil
PSM = Phosphate Solubilizing Microbes
N2 fixation and CH4 oxidation activities of methanotrophic
bacteria isolated from rice field in West Java
No
Isolate
N2fixation activity
CH4 oxidation
(nM/hour/ml
activity
culture)
(uM/day/ml culture)
1
BGM1
10,90
39,53
2
BGM3
7 10
7,10
56 62
56,62
3
BGM5
10,80
75,85
4
BGM9
15,30
59,60
Research in progress: Application of methanotrophic
bacteria as biofertilizer in rice cultivation (Conventional, SRI
and organic farming)
Management of Rice Residues
Management of Rice Residues
Estimation of biomass production on land use in
Indonesia
Nutrient content of rice straw and grain
i
f i
d
i
Are
ea (ha)
Total area of rice cultivation with and without rotation crops in Indonesia
4,000,000
3,500,000
3,000,000
,
,
2,500,000
2,000,000
1,500,000
1,000,000
500,000
0
irrigation
rice cultivation with crop rice cultivation without Rotation
crop Rotation
Total area of rice cultivation with and Total
area of rice cultivation with and
without rotation crops 2500000
Area ((ha)
2000000
1500000
1000000
500000
irrigation (Java)
Non Irrigation (Java)
Irigation (outside Java)
non irrigation (outside Java)
0
rice cultivation rice cultivation with crop Rotation
crop Rotation
without crop Rotation
without
crop Rotation
Soil organic carbon
off iintensified
t
ifi d lowland
l l d rice
i areas
in Indonesia
• 73% low soil organic
matter content (<2%),
• 23% medium
di
organic
i
matter content (2(2-3%)
• 4% have more than 3% of
soil organic matter
N o . o f S o il S a m p le s
1200
1000
800
600
400
200
0
< 2.0
2.0 - 3.0
> 3.0
Soil Organic Carbon
(%)
due to the intensive
weathering process, high
rainfall and temperature,
land use change,
change and
inappropriate management
practices without returning
organic matter to the field
Soil Organic Carbon
Soil Organic Carbon
Case study in West Java
Comparison of soil carbon sequestration between organic
and conventional rice fields in the top
p 10 cm soil depth
p
(Komatsuzaki and Syuaib,2010)
Comparison of soil carbon content profile between organic
and conventional rice fields in the top
p 30 cm soil depth.
p
(Komatsuzaki and Syuaib,2010)
34
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Badan
B
d Pusat
P
S
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