genesis pembentukan tanah

Foto: smno.kampus.ub.janu2013
MK. DASAR ILMU TANAH. Smno.jursntnh.fpub.febr2013
Soil: Definisi
• Material padatan di permukaan bumi yang
telah mengalami perubahan oleh prosesproses fisika, kimia dan biologi, sehingga ia
mampu menunjang kehidupan tumbuhan
berakar.
• Definisi ke-teknik-an: Anything that can be
removed without blasting
DIUNDUH DARI: gis.ess.washington.edu/grg/courses/ess230/lectures/Soils_2012.ppt ….. 11/2/2013
Pembentukan tanah
DIUNDUH DARI: gis.ess.washington.edu/grg/courses/ess230/lectures/Soils_2012.ppt ….. 11/2/2013
Pembentukan Tanah: Input
Konversi batuan menjadi tanah
DIUNDUH DARI: gis.ess.washington.edu/grg/courses/ess230/lectures/Soils_2012.ppt ….. 11/2/2013
Pembentukan Tanah: Output
Gerakan tanah menuruni lereng
DIUNDUH DARI: gis.ess.washington.edu/grg/courses/ess230/lectures/Soils_2012.ppt ….. 11/2/2013
Ketebalan Tanah: Storage
• input ± output = Ketebalan tanah
• atau: Konversi batuan ± transpor tanah = ketebalan
• that is, soil thickness reflects the balance between rates of
soil production and rates of downslope soil movement.
1.
2.
Kemiringan
Laju pelapukan
DIUNDUH DARI: gis.ess.washington.edu/grg/courses/ess230/lectures/Soils_2012.ppt ….. 11/2/2013
Pembentukan Tanah - Pelapukan
Ion-ion hara mineral
dalam larutan
Oksida Fe dan Al
Silika
Debu
Batuan induk
Bahan
induk
halus
Liat
3 lapis
Pasir/
Kuarsa
DIUNDUH DARI: www.indiana.edu/~g225/G225-Soils.ppt ....... 10/2/2013
Liat
2 lapis
Beberapa tipe tanah:
1. Loess : tanah-tanah subur yang berkembang dari bahan induk debu
glasial yang diangkut angin pada jaman es.
2. Laterites: tanah-tanah merah kaya oksida besi, di daerah tripika
basah-panas, berkembang dari pelapukan intensif bahan induk
3. Pedalfers: rich soils with brown color, high in aluminum and iron;
typical of cooler, wet temperate climates world-wide.
4. Pedocals: soils typical of warm, arid regions; high in calcium and
commonly contain caliche (white deposits of calcium carbonate)
5. Tanah-tanah Tundra : tanah yang terbentuk pada kondisi iklim
salju permanen menutup permukaan (permafrost).
DIUNDUH DARI: www.indiana.edu/~g225/G225-Soils.ppt ....... 10/2/2013
Apakah “Tanah “ itu?
“Tanah” merupakan lapisan di permukaan bumi terdiri atas batuan
lapuk, mineral dan bahan organik yang mampu mendukung kehidupan
tumbuhan.
Komposisi spesifik
suatu tanah.
Soil is composed of
mineral matter from
weathered rock;
water, gases, and
organic matter (the
remains of plant and
animal material and
bacteria).
Persentase
komposisi tanah
DIUNDUH DARI: www.indiana.edu/~g225/G225-Soils.ppt ....... 10/2/2013
Sumur pompa
dapat
menurunkan
permukaan
groundwater
DIUNDUH DARI: www.indiana.edu/~g225/G225-Soils.ppt ....... 10/2/2013
Penggunaan
tanah
untuk
mendukung
kemanusiaan.
Produksi
pangan
Produksi
serat
Siklus
Hara
Produksi
kayu
Siklus
karbon
Sumber
bahan
bangunan
Simpanan
air
Filtrasi
air
Buangan
limbah
Landasan bagi
konstruksi
DIUNDUH DARI: www.indiana.edu/~g225/G225-Soils.ppt ....... 10/2/2013
Struktur Tanah
Horison O, seresah
dedaunan, bahan organik
Horison B, Zone
akumulasi
Horison R, bahan induk
yang belum terlapuk
Model profil tanah
DIUNDUH DARI: www.indiana.edu/~g225/G225-Soils.ppt ....... 10/2/2013
PROFIL TANAH
• Horizon A
– Zone eluviaSI
• Horizon B
– Zone iluviaSI
• Horizon C
– Bahan lapuk
• Horizon D
– Batuan belum
lapuk
DIUNDUH DARI: www.csbs.edu.hk/.../ppt/Soil%20and%20Soil%20Forming%20Proces........5/2/2013
TANAH:
Soils
Salah satu fenometa
penting di permukaan
bumi untuk produksi,
penghancuran partikel
sedimen, dan
komponen-komponen
terlarut.
“Pedogenesis” = Pembentukan tanah
DIUNDUH DARI: smu.edu/earthsciences/academics/courses/geol3472/Lecture%202.ppt ……. 10/2/2013
Profil tanah yang ideal
ANATOMI
TANAH
Terorganisir menjadi
lima lapisan yang
berbeda,
disebut
Horison Tanah
DIUNDUH DARI: smu.edu/earthsciences/academics/courses/geol3472/Lecture%202.ppt ……. 10/2/2013
Horison - O
1. Characterized by in-situ
accumulation of plant material
2. Occurs only as a surface
horizon, unless buried by
sediment
3. Tidak semua tanah mempunyai
Horison O
4. Typical of Everwet Lowlands
Kalau horison O terkubur, ia akan
menjadi sumberdaya ekonomi
berupa gambut dan batubara
DIUNDUH DARI: smu.edu/earthsciences/academics/courses/geol3472/Lecture%202.ppt ……. 10/2/2013
A-Horizons
1. Zone pencucian ion-ion larut, proses
“eluviasi”.
2. Akumulasi akar tumbuhan dan bahan
organik
3. Organic acids and chelates to promote
weathering of minerals for plant
nutrients
4. Unless an O-horizon is present, A
horizons will occur at the surface of the
soil
5. Semua tanah mempunyai Horison A
6. Dicirikan oleh warna gelap dari bahan
organik
DIUNDUH DARI: smu.edu/earthsciences/academics/courses/geol3472/Lecture%202.ppt ……. 10/2/2013
Horison B
1. Zone of accumulation of new and residual
minerals from chemical weathering and
physical transport (“illuviation”)
2. Kebanyakan tanah mempunyai horison B,
tetapi tidak semua tanah
3. Dicirikan oleh perkembangan struktur tanah
Struktur
Granuler
Struktur
Blocky
Struktur
Kolumner
Struktur
Pipih
Struktur
Prismatik
Butir-tunggal
lepas
DIUNDUH DARI: smu.edu/earthsciences/academics/courses/geol3472/Lecture%202.ppt ……. 10/2/2013
Horison C
1. Terdiri atas bahan induk tanah yang
baru sedikit terlapuk
2. PARENT MATERIAL is rock (igneous,
metamorphic or sedimentary) or
sediment upon which the soil forms
3. Tidak mempunyai struktur tanah, dan
sifat batuan aslinya masih tampak
4. Hampir semua tanah mempunyai
Horison C
DIUNDUH DARI: smu.edu/earthsciences/academics/courses/geol3472/Lecture%202.ppt ……. 10/2/2013
Horison R
} Tanah - Soil
Horison R
1. Bahan induk yang kondisinya sementasi dan belum lapuk,
tidak terpengaruhi oleh proses pembentukan tanah.
2. With time, this cemented material will be disaggregated and
dissolved to form new sedimentary particles.
DIUNDUH DARI: smu.edu/earthsciences/academics/courses/geol3472/Lecture%202.ppt ……. 10/2/2013
PROSES
GENESIS TANAH
PROSES GENESIS TANAH
A large number of processes are responsible for the formation
of soils. This fact is evident by the large number of different
types of soils that have been classified by soil scientists.
However, at the macro-scale we can suggest that there are
five main principal pedogenic processes acting on soils.
Proses-proses pembentukan tanah :
1. Laterisasi,
2. Podsolisasi,
3. Klasifikasi,
4. Salinisasi
5. Gleisasi.
DIUNDUH DARI: ……. 17/2/2013
PROSES GENESIS TANAH
LATERISASI
Laterisasi merupakan proses pedogenesis yang banyak terjadi pada
tanah-tanah di lingkungan tropis dan subtropis.
High temperatures and heavy precipitation result in the rapid weathering of
rocks and minerals. Movements of large amounts of water through the soil
cause eluviation and leaching to occur. Almost all of the by products of
weathering, very simple small compounds or nutrient ions, are translocated
out of the soil profile by leaching if not taken up by plants for nutrition.
Dua perkecualian bagi proses ini adalah senyawa Fe dan Al. Oksidaoksida Fe memberikan warna kemerahan pada tanah-tanah tropis.
Pencucian yg intensif juga menyebabkan tanah-tanah ini mempunyai pH
masam karena kehilangan kation basa.
DIUNDUH DARI: ……. 17/2/2013
FERRALIZATION
Pencucian hampir semua kartion basa
dan silika, destruksi aluminosilicates
dan phyllosilicates
Pengkayaan oksihidroksida Fe dan Al,
seperti Hematite,
Goethite, dan Gibbsite
Hanya terjadi pada
daerah iklim basahpanas.
DIUNDUH DARI: smu.edu/earthsciences/academics/courses/geol3472/Lecture%202.ppt ……. 10/2/2013
PROSES GENESIS TANAH
PODSOLISASI
Podzolization is associated with humid cold mid-latitude
climates and coniferous vegetation. Decomposition of
coniferous litter and heavy summer precipitation create a soil
solution that is strongly acidic.
Larutan tanah yang bersifat masam ini memacu proses-proses eluviasi
dan pencucian yg menyebabkan pengusiran kation basa larut dan
senyawa-senyawa Al dan Fe dari Horison A.
Proses ini mneghasilkan sub-lapisan dalam Horison A yang berwarna
putih hingga kelabu dan terdiri atas pasir silika.
DIUNDUH DARI: ……. 17/2/2013
Podsolisasi
Describes the process by which
fairly acid conditions (hydrolysis) and
organo-metallic bonding (chelation)
translocate Fe and Al from the
topsoil to the subsurface B-horizons.
Proses ini menghasilkan permukaan
tanah yang diperkaya dengan silica
(khususnya kuarsa) dengan warna
pucat..
DIUNDUH DARI: smu.edu/earthsciences/academics/courses/geol3472/Lecture%202.ppt ……. 10/2/2013
PROSES GENESIS TANAH
KALSIFIKASI
Calcification occurs when evapotranspiration exceeds precipitation causing
the upward movement of dissolved alkaline salts from the groundwater. At
the same time, the movement of rain water causes a downward movement
of the salts.
Hasil dari proses ini adalah deposisi kation-kation terangkut dalam
Horison B. Dalam beberapa kasus, deposit ini dapat membentuk suatu
lapisan keras yang disebut “caliche”.
Substansi yang paling banyak terlibat dalam proses ini adalah kalsium
karbonat.. Kalsifikasi banyak terjadi pada lingkungan padnag-rumput
prairie.
DIUNDUH DARI: ……. 17/2/2013
Kalsifikasi
1. Proses ini dicirikan oleh akumulasi kalsit
dalam horison bawah-permukaan.
2. Ca2+ leached from upper horizons
downward to depth of wetting in the soil
3. Upon drying, Ca2+ combines with CO32- to
form calcite, CaCO3
4. Proses ini memerlukan evaporasi, terjadi
di daerah iklim semi-arid dan arid .
Modern
California
DIUNDUH DARI: smu.edu/earthsciences/academics/courses/geol3472/Lecture%202.ppt ……. 10/2/2013
PROSES GENESIS TANAH
SALINISASI
Salinization is a process that functions in the similar
way to calcification. It differs from calcification in that
the salt deposits occur at or very near the soil
surface.
Salinisasi juga dapat berlangsung pada kondisi iklim
yang lebih kering.
DIUNDUH DARI: ……. 17/2/2013
SALINISASI
Ions in solution are concentrated
by evaporating water. Cations and
anions force to combine and form
salts in the soil:
Na++Cl-<=>NaCl
Ca2++SO4=<=>CaSO4
Proses ini penting pada lahanlahan di daerah iklim Arid.
DIUNDUH DARI: smu.edu/earthsciences/academics/courses/geol3472/Lecture%202.ppt
……. 10/2/2013
Ask me about the Mesopotamian
Empire
PROSES GENESIS TANAH
GLEISASI
Gleisasi merupakan proses pedogenesis yang berhubungan
dnegan kondisi drainage ayang buruk.
This process involves the accumulations of organic matter in
the upper layers of the soil. In lower horizons, mineral layers
are stained blue-gray because of the chemical reduction of
iron.
DIUNDUH DARI: ……. 17/2/2013
Gleization
1. Proses ini mencerminkan reaksi
oksidasi-reduksi dalam tanah
2. Chemical reduction of elements
(mostly Fe, but also Mn) Poorly
drained, anoxic soils:
Fe3+ + e- <=> Fe2+
3. Fe2+ is a mobile valence state for
iron, and it may be transported as a
dissolved species away from the
soil
4. Proses ini menghasilkan profil tanah
yang warnanya hijua, kelabu, dan
umumnya warna-warna “drab”
5. Proses ini bukan merupakan
“bentuk yang cepat” dari pelapukan
kimiawi
DIUNDUH DARI: smu.edu/earthsciences/academics/courses/geol3472/Lecture%202.ppt ……. 10/2/2013
PROSES – PROSES GENESIS TANAH
Adsorption – Adsorpsi - Penjerapan:
Proses ini terjadi kalau gaya-gaya tarik antara
permukaan padatan-tanah (adsorbent) dan komponen
larutan-tanah (adsorbat ) lebih besar dibandingkan gayagaya tarik antara komponen terlarut dan larutan tanah
(solvent), serta gaya tolak antara permukaan tanah dan
spesies yang dijerap.
DIUNDUH DARI: ……. 17/2/2013
PROSES – PROSES GENESIS TANAH
Aggregation - Agregasi:
Partikel-partikel diikat (dipegang) bersama menjadi unitunit yang ukurannya beragam, bentuknya bebreda-beda,
dengan bvantuan proses-proses fisika, kimiawi dan
biologis.
Suatu Agregat dipisahkan dari agregat lainnya melalui
bidang permukaan yang lemah.
DIUNDUH DARI: ……. 17/2/2013
PROSES – PROSES GENESIS TANAH
Alkalization - Alkalisasi:
Akumulasi kation Na; pembentukan Horison natrik..
Audification - Pengasaman:
Akumulasi ion-ion H+.
Carbonation – Karbonasi (calcification):
Akumulasi kalsium karbonat; pembentukan Horison
Kalsik atau Horison Petrokalsik.
Chelation- Khelasi – Peng-khelat-an:
Pembentukan senyawa kompleks logam dengan agen
organik. Logal dijebak dalam struktur cincin, sehingga
menjadi sangat stabil.
DIUNDUH DARI: ……. 17/2/2013
PROSES – PROSES GENESIS TANAH
Compaction – Kompaksi - Pemadatan:
Reduksi fisik kandungan uadar tanah yang mengakibatkan
meningkatnya Bobot Isi.
Cryoturbation:
Pencampiran tanah akibat dari suhu rendah, mis. Untuk
merusak horison, memasukkan bahan organik ke dalam
horison bawah, dan untuk menata batu-batu.
Dealkalization (solodization):
Pergerakan ion Na ke luar dari bagian tertentu profil tanah.
Decarbonation (decalcification):
Pergerakan kalsium karbonat ke luar dari bagian tertentu
profil tanah.
DIUNDUH DARI: ……. 17/2/2013
PROSES – PROSES GENESIS TANAH
Decomposition - Dekomposisi:
Penghancuran bahan mineral dan bahan organik secara
biokimiawi.
Dehydration - Dehidrasi:
Kehilangan air yang mengakibatkan suatu senyawa
kembali ke keadaan orisinalnya.
Deposition merupakan sedimentasi bahan yang
terangkut:
1. Akumulasi partikel tanah / colluvium
2. Akumulasi unsur hara / Peningkatan KTK
3. Pengkayaan partikel berukuran medium.
DIUNDUH DARI: ……. 17/2/2013
PROSES – PROSES GENESIS TANAH
Desalinization - Desalinisasi:
Pergerakan garam-garam larut ke luar dari bagian tertentu profil tanah.
Desilication - Desilikasi:
Pergerakan silika ke luar dari bagian tertentu profil tanah.
Diffusion (into and out of the soil):
Pertukaran udara antara atmosfir dan tanah karena pengaruh tekanan
partial gerakan massa.
Disaggregation - Disagregasi:
Hancurnya agregat atanah.
Dispersion - Dispersi:
Proses hancurnya struktur tanah dalam air dan memisah menjadi separat
komponen-komponennya.
DIUNDUH DARI: ……. 17/2/2013
PROSES – PROSES GENESIS TANAH
Eluviation - Eluviasi:
Movement of material out of a section of the soil profile
(literally washing away of material); depletion of the
material washed away (e.g. sequioxides, clay minerals,
organic material)
Energy influx / outflux: Radiation absorption / reflection:
1. Suhu Tanah
2. Aktivitas mikroba tanah -> humifikasi, decomposition,
mineralisasi
3. Evaporasi
4. Lengas tanah
DIUNDUH DARI: ……. 17/2/2013
PROSES – PROSES GENESIS TANAH
Erosi merupakan proses pengangkutan partikel tanah
(dan bahan organik) oleh air atau angin.
1. Pukulan tetes-tetes air hujan menyebabkan
hancurnya agregat tanah
2. Soil movement / removal of the A horizon
3. Smoothing or levelling of the soil surface
4. Loss of nutrients / decrease of CEC
5. Selective particle transport results in the relative
enrichment of coarse and fine particles and depletion
of medium-sized particles
6. Mereduksi infiltrasi / meningkatkan runoff / mereduksi
kandungan lengas tanah
7. Membentuk kerak di permukaan tanah.
DIUNDUH DARI: ……. 17/2/2013
PROSES – PROSES GENESIS TANAH
Ferrugination:
Perkembangan warna tanah coklat, coklat kemerahan, dan kemerahan.
Flocculation:
It is a process where the individual particles of clay are coagulated to form
floccular aggregates.
Gleization:
It involves the reduction of iron and its segregation into redoximorphic
features, or its removal by leaching form the gleyed horizon; process
occuring in poorly drained soil.
Humification - Humifikasi:
Pembentukan HUMUS dari bahan organik segar.
Hidration:
Penyerapan air oleh suatu senyawa dan membentuk senyawa baru yang
hanya sedikit berbeda dengan keadaan orisinalnya.
DIUNDUH DARI: ……. 17/2/2013
Humification
1. Mendeskripsikan penambahan
bahan organik, dan dekomposisi
kimiawinya menjadi dalam
humus dan asam organik
2. HUMUS merupakan material
berwarna gelap, yang membuat
tanah berwarna hitam atau
coklat
3. Breakdown of the humus and
organic acids also produces high
CO2 concentrations in the soil,
leading to carbonic acid and
another form of chemical
weathering.
DIUNDUH DARI: smu.edu/earthsciences/academics/courses/geol3472/Lecture%202.ppt ……. 10/2/2013
PROSES – PROSES GENESIS TANAH
Hydrolysis:
Penggantian kation-kation dalam struktur mineral oleh kation
hidrogen dari larutan tanah.
Illuviation:
Movement of material into a section of the soil profile (literally
washing into or towards); accumulation of material washed into (e.g.
sequioxides, clay minerals, organic material)
Induration:
Pengerasan sebagian profil tanah akibat asosiasi dengan cadas
besi dan plinthite, dan dengan agen-agen semen lainnya (Si atau
Ca).
Infiltration:
The entry of water into the soil surface
Rainwater infiltrates in the soil with soluble and suspended matter.
DIUNDUH DARI: ……. 17/2/2013
PROSES – PROSES GENESIS TANAH
Interflow (Subsurface flow, through flow, seepage): Lateral subsurface flow.
Lessivage:
Pergerakan mineral liat secara fisik ke arah bawah.
Leucinization (decoloration):
Pencerahan warna pada sebagian profil tanah – pembentukan horison albik.
Melanization:
Darkening the color of light-colored mineral initial unconsolidated material by mixture
and accumulation of organic matter; formation of a mollic horizon due to incorporation
of organic matter.
Mineralization:
Pelepasan berbagai bentuk mineral selama dekomposisi bahan organik.
Neutralisasi: Menetralkan ion-ion H+.
Outflow:
Lessivage
1. Transport fisik material berukuran liat dari
horison permukaan ke lapisan bawah
(Translokasi)
2. Leads to reddish coloration and clay-rich
subsurface horizons
3. Iklim basah musiman
Modern
California
Argentina, 225 Million Year old rocks
DIUNDUH DARI: smu.edu/earthsciences/academics/courses/geol3472/Lecture%202.ppt ……. 10/2/2013
PROSES – PROSES GENESIS TANAH
Oksidasi: Pembentukan oksida atau pelepasan elektron.
Pedoturbation: The churning and disruption of horizon formation by
biological, physical and to some extent chemical activity, such as wetting
and drying, swelling and contraction, freezing and thawing, root pressures,
animal burrowing, acitivty of man.
Podzolization: Process by which sequioxides are translocated in a soil
profile. The soluble ferrous iron forms ate the sites of eluviation, and the
insoluble ferric iron forms at the point of illuviation. Podzolization is a soil
forming process resulting in the genesis of Podzols.
Precipitation (Pengendapan):
Pemisahan dan deposisi substansi padatan dari larutan.
Reduksi: Kehilangan oksigen atau penerimaan elektron.
Salinization:
Accumulation of soluble salts such as chlorides and sulphates of Ca, Mg,
Na, or K.
DIUNDUH DARI: ……. 17/2/2013
PROSES – PROSES GENESIS TANAH
Silication: Accumulation of silica.
Solifluction: Slow flow of saturated soil on a permanent frozen soil (permafrost table).
Solution: Dissolving of minerals into solution (e.g. calcium carbonate into bicarbonate).
Surface crusting (soil sealing): A process which results in the formation of soil crusts on
the soil surface, ranging in thickness from a few mm to perhaps as much as 3 cm, that is
much mor compact, hard and brittle, when dry, than the material immediately beneath.
Surface runoff (overland flow): Discharge of rainwater over the surface of the land.
Surface runoff is composed of unconcentrated and concentrated flow.
Suspension: The floating of dispersed particles in a medium like water. It is one of the
states of particle transport of eroded sediments, especially for the smaller and lighter
particles such as clay.
Synthesis: Pembentukan senyawa baru secara biokimiawi dengan jalan kombinasi
unsur atau kompkinen-komponen tanah.
Upward movement: Pergerakan kapilaritas substansi terlarut dan tersuspensi.
Pelapukan:
Semua perubahan fisika dan kimiawi yang terjadi pada batuan, di permukaan bumu,
oleh agen-agen atmosferik.
DIUNDUH DARI: ……. 17/2/2013
PEDOGENESIS TANAH
(SUMBER: (http://www.physicalgeography.net/fundamentals/10u.html)
Pedogenesis dapat didefinisikan sebagai “proses
perkembangan tanah”
Jenny believed that the kinds of soils that develop in a
particular area are largely determined by five interrelated
factors:
1.Iklim;
2.Organisme;
3.Bahan induk;
4.Topografi;
5. Waktu .
DIUNDUH DARI: ……. 17/2/2013
Faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi
Pembentukan Tanah
• Faktor-faktor Pasif
– Bahan induk
– Topografi / Landform
– Waktu
• Faktor-faktor aktif
– Iklim
– Faktor Biotik
DIUNDUH DARI: www.csbs.edu.hk/.../ppt/Soil%20and%20Soil%20Forming%20Proces........5/2/2013
PEDOGENESIS TANAH
(SUMBER: (http://www.physicalgeography.net/fundamentals/10u.html)
Perkembangan
tanah
dipengaruhi
oleh lima faktor
yang saling
berkaitan:
1. organisms,
2. topography,
3. time,
4. parent
material, and
5. climate.
DIUNDUH DARI: ……. 17/2/2013
PEDOGENESIS TANAH
(SUMBER: (http://www.physicalgeography.net/fundamentals/10u.html)
Iklim
Climate plays a very important role in the genesis of a soil. On the global scale, there is an
obvious correlation between major soil types and the Köppen climatic classification systems
major climatic types. At regional and local scales, climate becomes less important in soil
formation. Instead, pedogenesis is more influenced by factors like parent material,
topography, vegetation, and time. The two most important climatic variables influencing soil
formation are temperature and moisture.
Temperature has a direct influence on the weathering of bedrock to produce mineral
particles. Rates of bedrock weathering generally increase with higher temperatures.
Temperature also influences the activity of soil microorganisms, the frequency and
magnitude of soil chemical reactions, and the rate of plant growth.
Moisture levels in most soils are primarily controlled by the addition of water via
precipitation minus the losses due to evapotranspiration. If additions of water from
precipitation surpass losses from evapotranspiration, moisture levels in a soil tend to be high.
If the water loss due to evapotranspiration exceeds inputs from precipitation, moisture levels
in a soil tend to be low. High moisture availability in a soil promotes the weathering of
bedrock and sediments, chemical reactions, and plant growth.
Ketersediaan air juga mempengaruhi pH tanah dan dekomposisi
bahan organik.
DIUNDUH DARI: ……. 17/2/2013
Faktor-faktor Pembentukan Tanah
FAKTOR IKLIM
• Temperatur dan presipitasi (hujan)
• Kontrol tidak langsung (mis. Tipe
tumbuhan)
• Laju pelapukan
– The greater the rainfall amount, the more
rapid the rate of both weathering and
erosion.
DIUNDUH DARI: gis.ess.washington.edu/grg/courses/ess230/lectures/Soils_2012.ppt ….. 11/2/2013
IKLIM
Pelapukan secara fisika – diakibatkan oleh agenagen mekanik, seperti pemanasan dan
pendinginan, pembekuan dan pencairan,
abrasi.
– Materials are still the same at the molecular
level.
– Materials are classified by the way they have
been moved or scattered
DIUNDUH DARI: freshman.lpsb.org/.../Soil%20Science/....... 10/2/2013
Iklim
Pelapukan kimiawi – dihasilkan dari aksi-aksi air,
oksigen, dan CO2 pada batuan induk.
– CO2 yang larut dalam air hujan membentuk asam
lemah, mempercepat proses pelapukan bahan induk.
– Materials that have been chemically weathered are
no longer the same at the molecular level.
• Example – Clay has been synthesized into
something physically and chemically different from
the parent rock.
DIUNDUH DARI: freshman.lpsb.org/.../Soil%20Science/....... 10/2/2013
Faktor pembentuk tanah yang aktif - Iklim
• Air - Moisture
– Aktivitas kimiawi dan biologis
– Hujan berlebihan– eluviasi dan illuviasi
– Penguapan berlebih – aksi kapilaritas air dalam
tanah
DIUNDUH DARI: www.csbs.edu.hk/.../ppt/Soil%20and%20Soil%20Forming%20Proces........5/2/2013
Faktor pembentuk tanah yang aktif - Iklim
• Temperatur
– Reaksi-reaksi kimiawi
– Aktivitas Bacteri
– Laju dekomposisi bahan organik
DIUNDUH DARI: www.csbs.edu.hk/.../ppt/Soil%20and%20Soil%20Forming%20Proces........5/2/2013
Faktor pembentuk tanah yang aktif - Iklim
• Angin - Wind: Faktor Minor
– Meningkatkan penguapan air (evaporasi)
– Realokasi tanah (pengangkutan dan akumulasi)
DIUNDUH DARI: www.csbs.edu.hk/.../ppt/Soil%20and%20Soil%20Forming%20Proces........5/2/2013
PEDOGENESIS TANAH
(SUMBER: (http://www.physicalgeography.net/fundamentals/10u.html)
ORGANISME
Living Organisms have a role in a number of processes involved in
pedogenesis including organic matter accumulation, profile mixing, and
biogeochemical nutrient cycling. Under equilibrium conditions, vegetation
and soil are closely linked with each other through nutrient cycling.
The cycling of nitrogen and carbon in soils is almost completely controlled
by the presence of animals and plants. Through litterfall and the process of
decomposition, organisms add humus and nutrients to the soil which
influences soil structure and fertility.
Vegetasi permukaan juga melindungi lapisan atas suatu tanah
dari efek erosi dengan jalan mengikat permukaan tanah dan
mereduksi kecepatan angin dan kecepatan air yang mengalir
di permukaan tganah.
DIUNDUH DARI: ……. 17/2/2013
Faktor Pembentukan Tanah
Organisme
1. Tipe-tipe vegetasi alamiah
2. Pelapukan tergantung pada pertumbuhan
tetumbuhan
3. Plant and animal activity produces humic acids that
are powerful weathering agents. [acids derived from
chemical breakdown of organic matter]
4. Plants can physically as well as chemically break
down rocks.
5. Tumbuhan menstabilkan profil tanah, Hewan
(termasuk manusia) cenderung meningkatkan erosi.
DIUNDUH DARI: gis.ess.washington.edu/grg/courses/ess230/lectures/Soils_2012.ppt ….. 11/2/2013
Biota
Biota terdiri atas organisme hidup seperti
tumbuhan, hewan, serangga, bakteri dan fungi.
– Plants have the most important affect because they
determine the type & amount of organic matter.
– Animals & insects mix and aerate the soil as well as
add organic matter.
DIUNDUH DARI: freshman.lpsb.org/.../Soil%20Science/....... 10/2/2013
Faktor pembentuk tanah yang aktif: Biotik
Vegetasi:
1. Menyediakan hyumus, mengikat tanah dan
mengimbangi perkolasi melalui transpirasi
2. Maintain fertility
3. Different types of vegetation require different
proportions of bases.
4. Pepohonan: Sedikti Ca dan Mg
5. Rerumputan: Kaya Ca dan Mg
DIUNDUH DARI: www.csbs.edu.hk/.../ppt/Soil%20and%20Soil%20Forming%20Proces........5/2/2013
Faktor pembentuk tanah yang aktif: Biotik
• Mulai dari Bakteri hingga hewan-hewan
besar
• Mekanis
– mis. Burrowing by earthworms
– mis. Excavation by man
• Kimiawi
– Mis. Asam-asam organik
DIUNDUH DARI: www.csbs.edu.hk/.../ppt/Soil%20and%20Soil%20Forming%20Proces........5/2/2013
PEDOGENESIS TANAH
(SUMBER: (http://www.physicalgeography.net/fundamentals/10u.html)
BAHAN INDUK
Parent Material refers to the rock and mineral materials from
which the soils develop. These materials can be derived from
residual sediment due to the weathering of bedrock or from
sediment transported into an area by way of the erosive forces
of wind, water, or ice.
Pedogenesis is often faster on transported sediments
because the weathering of parent material usually takes a
long period of time. The influence of parent material on
pedogenesis is usually related to soil texture, soil chemistry,
and nutrient cycling.
DIUNDUH DARI: ……. 17/2/2013
BAHAN INDUK TANAH
1. Alluvium – Hancuran Batuan yang halus,
diendapkan oleh aliran air, kebanyhakan
partikel debu dan liat, sebagian kecil pasir.
2. Marine Deposits – finely pulverized rock laid
down under sea. This material has been
thrust up by shifts in the earth’s crust.
3. Loess – material berdebu , seperti bubukandiendapkan oleh angin. Sebagian besar debu
dan liat, hanya sedikit sekali pasir.
DIUNDUH DARI: freshman.lpsb.org/.../Soil%20Science/....... 10/2/2013
Factors of Soil
Formation
• Parent Material
• Chemistry
• Mineralogy
• Grain size
DIUNDUH DARI: gis.ess.washington.edu/grg/courses/ess230/lectures/Soils_2012.ppt ….. 11/2/2013
PEDOGENESIS TANAH
(SUMBER: (http://www.physicalgeography.net/fundamentals/10u.html)
TOPOGRAFI – RELIEF
Topografi umumnya memodifikasi perkembangan tanah pada sekala lokal
atau regional. Pedogenesis sangat dipenngaruhi oleh efek topografi
terhadap iklim mikro dan drainage.
Soils developing on moderate to gentle slopes are often better drained
than soils found at the bottom of valleys. Good drainage enhances an
number of pedogenic processes of illuviation and eluviation that are
responsible for the development of soil horizons. Under conditions of poor
drainage, soils tend to be immature. Steep topographic gradients inhibit
the development of soils because of erosion. Erosion can retard the
development through the continued removal of surface sediments. Soil
microclimate is also influenced by topography.
In the Northern Hemisphere, south facing slopes tend to be warmer and
drier than north facing slopes. This difference results in the soils of the two
areas being different in terms of depth, texture, biological activity, and soil
profile development.
DIUNDUH DARI: ……. 17/2/2013
Topography
• Topografi mencerminkan “lay of the land”
atau sudut dan panjang lereng.
• Topografi mempengaruhi proses
pembentukan tanah karena ia mempengaruhi
runoff, drainage, dan erosi tanah.
• It also may affect the type & amount of plant
growth (biggest factor in determining type &
amount of organic matter)
DIUNDUH DARI: freshman.lpsb.org/.../Soil%20Science/....... 10/2/2013
Topografi
Lereng Curam
– Laju runoff sangat tinggi
– Infiltrasi air hujan kurang
– Lebih sedikit vegetasinya
– Less organic matter
– Increased erosion
– Thinner surface soil
– Slower formation/development
DIUNDUH DARI: freshman.lpsb.org/.../Soil%20Science/....... 10/2/2013
Topografi
Kemiringan yang lebih landai
– Runoff lebih sedikit
– Infiltrasi air hujan lebih banyak
– Pertumbuhan vegetasi lebih cepat dengan
menghasilkan banyak bahan organik
– Less erosion
– Deeper surface soil
– Faster formation/development
• Excessive water can slow development
DIUNDUH DARI: freshman.lpsb.org/.../Soil%20Science/....... 10/2/2013
Faktor-faktor Pembentukan Tanah
Topografi:
• Kemiringan muka lahan
• Elevasi (Ketinggian tempat)
• Aspek lereng (lereng menghadap ke urata
atau ke selatan)
DIUNDUH DARI: gis.ess.washington.edu/grg/courses/ess230/lectures/Soils_2012.ppt ….. 11/2/2013
Faktor-faktor Pembentukan Tanah
• Transport material tanah menuruni lereng
merupakan fungsi kemiringan:
–
Erosion rate = f(S)
• Lereng lebih curam, erosi lebih cepat.
• The steeper the surface slope, the more
likely any eroded material is to be
transported out of the system.
DIUNDUH DARI: gis.ess.washington.edu/grg/courses/ess230/lectures/Soils_2012.ppt ….. 11/2/2013
Faktor-faktor Pembentukan Tanah
1. Tanah-tanah pada lereng-bukit biasanya mencapai
ketebalan setimbang , sekitar 1m.
2. Soils on flat surfaces, such as floodplains or plateaus,
tend to thicken through time due to weathering rates
being greater than sediment transport rates.
DIUNDUH DARI: gis.ess.washington.edu/grg/courses/ess230/lectures/Soils_2012.ppt ….. 11/2/2013
PEDOGENESIS TANAH
(SUMBER: (http://www.physicalgeography.net/fundamentals/10u.html)
WAKTU
Time influences the temporal consequences of all of the
factors described above. Many soil processes become steady
state overtime when a soil reaches maturity.
Proses pedogenesis pada tanah-tanah muda biasanya
mengalami modifikasi aktif melalui mekanisme umpan-balik
positif dan negatif dalam rangka mencapai kesetimbangan.
DIUNDUH DARI: ……. 17/2/2013
Waktu
As soon as material has become loose enough to
hold enough water, air, and nutrients for plant
growth, it is considered a soil.
– Pembentukan / perkembangan tanah dapat
berlangsung selama beberapa abad atau hanya
beberapa hari saja.
DIUNDUH DARI: freshman.lpsb.org/.../Soil%20Science/....... 10/2/2013
Waktu
Tanah-tanah Muda
– Asalnya dari bahan vulkanik atau aluvial
– Mempunyai kesuburan lebih baik
– Profil tanah belum berkembang lanjut
– Usually they are highly productive.
– Where are the youngest soils in Louisiana located?
DIUNDUH DARI: freshman.lpsb.org/.../Soil%20Science/....... 10/2/2013
Waktu
• Tanah-tanah Tua
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Profil tanah berkembang dnegan baik
Kandungan liatnya meningkat semakin tinggi
pH tanah lebih masam
Nutrients are leached
Lower fertility & productivity than younger soils.
DIUNDUH DARI: freshman.lpsb.org/.../Soil%20Science/....... 10/2/2013
Faktor-faktor Pembentukan Tanah
1. Waktu untuk perkembangan dan destruksi profil
tanah
2. Typical chemical reaction rates are slow  the
longer a rock unit has been exposed, the more
likely it is to be weathered
3. Semakin lama material-tanah menunggu sebelum
diangkut, maka ia akan mnejadi semakin tebal
……..…
DIUNDUH DARI: gis.ess.washington.edu/grg/courses/ess230/lectures/Soils_2012.ppt ….. 11/2/2013
PROSES-PROSES
PEDOGENIK
Banyak proses yang terlibat dalam
transformasi bahan induk tanah menjadi
horison-horison tanah.
The exact combinations of these processes and
reactions are however not known.
If the combination is dominated by a particular
process, it is usually assigned a name. e.g.,
laterization, podzolization were commonly
used as simplifications.
DIUNDUH DARI: myspace.aamu.edu/users/monday.../soils/Pedogenic%20Processes.ppt ….. 11/2/2013
Proses-proses Pedogenik yang utama
Proses-proses Pedogenik dapat dikelompokkan menjadi
empat, yaitu:
–
–
–
–
Penambahan atau Pengkayaan
Kehilangan atau Pengambilan
Translokasi atau Transfer
Transformasi
Each major pedogenic process is made up of a number
of processes acting singly or in combination
DIUNDUH DARI: myspace.aamu.edu/users/monday.../soils/Pedogenic%20Processes.ppt ….. 11/2/2013
Penambahan atau Pengkayaan
• Enrichment - Pengkayaan
– General term for addition of material to a soil body. e.g.,
adjoining pedons as in depressions.
• Cummulization
– Aeolian and hydrologic additions of mineral particles to the
surface of a soil. The effects are more pronounced in
depressions.
• Littering
– The accumulation of vegetable and associated faunal debris
(litter) including humus on the mineral soil surface to a depth
of less than 30cm
• Melanization - Melanisasi
– The darkening of light-colored mineral materials which are
initially unconsolidated by admixture of organic matter.
Melanization involves some translocation.
DIUNDUH DARI: myspace.aamu.edu/users/monday.../soils/Pedogenic%20Processes.ppt ….. 11/2/2013
Penambahan ke tanah
• Input dari luar ekosistem
– Input dari atmosfir
• Precipitation, dust, deposition
– Input Horisontal
• Floods, tidal exchange, erosion, land-water
movement
• Input dari dalam ekosistem
– Seresah dedaunan dan akar-akar yang mati
turnover
DIUNDUH DARI: gis.ess.washington.edu/grg/courses/ess230/lectures/Soils_2012.ppt ….. 11/2/2013
Kehilangan atau Pengambilan
• Erosi tanah
– surficial removal of material from the surface layer
of a soil This is effected by raindrop splash, runoff
waters, wind, creep, and other mass wasting
processes.
• Pencucian
– Pencucian atau eluviasi material terlarut dari
solum tanah.
DIUNDUH DARI: myspace.aamu.edu/users/monday.../soils/Pedogenic%20Processes.ppt ….. 11/2/2013
Translokasi atau Transfer
1. Eluviasi: Pergerakan material ke luar dari “bagian
tertentu” profil tanah, seperti pada Horison Albik.
2. Iluviasi: Pergerakan material memasuki “bagian tertentu”
profil tanah, seperti pada Horison Argilik dan Spodik
3. Lessivage: Washing in suspension of fine clay and lesser
amounts of coarse clay and fine silt down cracks and other
voids in a soil body; leading to the depletion of clay in the
A horizon and enrichment of clay in the B horizon.
4. Pedoturbation: Biologic, physical (freeze-thaw and wetdry cycles) churning and cycling of soil materials thereby
homogenizing the solum in varying degrees
DIUNDUH DARI: myspace.aamu.edu/users/monday.../soils/Pedogenic%20Processes.ppt ….. 11/2/2013
• Kalsifikasi
– Processes including the accumulation of calcium carbonate in a
Ck and possibly other horizons of a soil.
• Dekalsifikasi
– Reactions that remove calcium carbonate from one or more soil
horizons.
• Salinization
– The accumulation of soluble salts such as sulfates and chlorides
of calcium, magnesium, sodium and potassium in salty (salic)
'horizons.
• Desalinization
– The removal of soluble salts from salic horizons.
• Alkalization (solonization)
– The accumulation of sodium ions on the exchange sites in a soil.
• Dealkalization (solodization)
– The leaching of sodium ions and salts from sodium-rich (natric)
horizons.
DIUNDUH DARI: myspace.aamu.edu/users/monday.../soils/Pedogenic%20Processes.ppt ….. 11/2/2013
• Leucinization
– The paling of soil horizons by disappearance of dark organic materials either
through transformation to light- colored ones or through removal from the
horizons.
• Braunification, Rubification and Ferrugination– Release of iron from primary minerals and the dispersion of particles of iron
oxide in increasing amounts; the progressive oxidation or hydration, giving the
soil mass brownish, reddish-brown and red colors, respectively. (Also
transformation).
• Gleization
– The reduction of iron under anaerobic water-logged soil conditions, with the
production of bluish to greenish-gray matrix colors, with or without yellowishbrown, brown and black mottles and ferric and manganiferous concretions.
• Podzolization (silication)
– The chemical migration of aluminum and iron and/or organic matter, resulting
in the concentration of silica (i.e. silication) in the layer eluviated. (Also
transformation)
• Laterization (desilication, ferrugination, ferritization, allitization)
– The chemical migration of silica out of the soil solum and thus the
concentration of sesquioxides in the solum (goethite, gibbsite, etc.)
DIUNDUH DARI: myspace.aamu.edu/users/monday.../soils/Pedogenic%20Processes.ppt ….. 11/2/2013
Transformations
• Decomposition
– The breakdown of mineral and organic materials
• Mineralization
– The release of oxide solids during decomposition of organic. It
concerns the biochemical breakdown of dead plant tissues by
soil micro-organisms to produce simple-structured soluble
organic substances, purely mineral compounds like nitrates, and
metal cations and gases (mostly carbon dioxide)
• Humification
– Transformation of raw organic material into humus. In this the
simple structured soluble organic substances are grouped into
lager molecules by polymerization They then become poorly
soluble and are stabilized to form a major component of humus
• Synthesis
– The formation of new particles of mineral and organic species.
DIUNDUH DARI: myspace.aamu.edu/users/monday.../soils/Pedogenic%20Processes.ppt ….. 11/2/2013
• Paludization:
– Akumulasi bahan organik dalam lapisan tebal
(> 30 cm) sebagai mucks dan peats.
• Ripening
– Perubahan tanah organik secara kimiawi,
biologis dan fisik setelah udara menembus
deposit organik, sehingga memungkinkan
aktivitas mikroba berlangsung intensif.
DIUNDUH DARI: myspace.aamu.edu/users/monday.../soils/Pedogenic%20Processes.ppt ….. 11/2/2013
Transformasi
• Decomposition of organic matter
– Breakdown to form soluble compounds that can be absorbed
leached away
– Depends on input quantity, location (roots, leaves),
environment (temp & precip)
• Humifikasi membentuk bahan organik
kompleks
• Pelapukan batuan
– Pelapukan Fisika / fragmentasi batuan
– Freeze-thaw; drying-wetting; fire
– Pelapukan kimiawi
• Mineral primer  Mineral sekunder
DIUNDUH DARI: gis.ess.washington.edu/grg/courses/ess230/lectures/Soils_2012.ppt ….. 11/2/2013
Proses-proses Pedogenesis
• Setiap proses pedogenesis dapat mempengaruhi banyak
senyawa dan komponen penyusun tanah.
• Misalnya, proses-proses penambahan, kehilangan, transfer, dan
transformasi bahan organik, garam larut, karbonat dan
sesquioksida.
• Organic matter may be added to the soil by littering; it may be
transformed by decomposition; it may be translocated by
podzolization and it may be lost by erosion.
• These processes can all be going on singly or in combination with
other processes to give rise to the soil profile.
• However, not all of the processes will necessarily promote horizon
differentiation.
• Some of the processes may actually retard or offset
differentiation e.g. pedoturbation.
DIUNDUH DARI: myspace.aamu.edu/users/monday.../soils/Pedogenic%20Processes.ppt ….. 11/2/2013
Proses-proses pembentukan tanah
Efek kombinasi dari:
• Penambahan ke
permukaan
• Transformasi kimiawi
• Transfer vertikal
• Pengusiran dari tanah
Peranan relatifnya
beragam
DIUNDUH DARI: gis.ess.washington.edu/grg/courses/ess230/lectures/Soils_2012.ppt ….. 11/2/2013
Perkembangan Horison Tanah
• Perkembangan Horison A
– Akumulasi bahan organik
– Penggerombolan individual partikel tanah
– Berbeda dari bahan induk dan lapisan lainnya.
• Perkembangan Horison B dan C
– Carbonic and organic acids are carried by water into soil where dissolve
various minerals (transformations)
– Soluble materials (ions –Ca2+, CO32-, SO42-, etc) are carried by water
and precipitate in the soil from upper to lower horizons (translocation)
– Weathering of primary minerals into secondary minerals
– Wetting and drying cracks soils and makes structures.
DIUNDUH DARI: myspace.aamu.edu/users/monday.../soils/Pedogenic%20Processes.ppt ….. 11/2/2013
Perkembangan Horison Tanah
DIUNDUH DARI: myspace.aamu.edu/users/monday.../soils/Pedogenic%20Processes.ppt ….. 11/2/2013
Bahan induk (bedrock) mengalami pelapukan menjadi
“regolith” (tanah + saprolite).
DIUNDUH DARI: gis.ess.washington.edu/grg/courses/ess230/lectures/Soils_2012.ppt ….. 11/2/2013
Tanah (Soil) merupakan campuran bahan mineral dan
bahan organik , struktur batuan induknya kurang
nampak.
Soil
DIUNDUH DARI: gis.ess.washington.edu/grg/courses/ess230/lectures/Soils_2012.ppt ….. 11/2/2013
“Saprolite “ adalah batuan terlapuk yang masih
menampakkan struktur batuan asalnya.
Saprolit
e
DIUNDUH DARI: gis.ess.washington.edu/grg/courses/ess230/lectures/Soils_2012.ppt ….. 11/2/2013
Horizon dan Profil Tanah
Horison Tanah
–
–
•
•
•
over time, soil layers differentiate into distinct ‘horizons’
not deposited, but zones of chemical action
Reaksi kimia dan pembentukan mineral sekunder (liat)
Pencucian oleh air infiltrasi (elluviasi)
Deposisi dan akumulasi material yang tercuci dari
bagian di sebelah atas, dalam suatu tanah (illuviasi)
Profil Tanah
– Suite of horizons at a given locality
DIUNDUH DARI: gis.ess.washington.edu/grg/courses/ess230/lectures/Soils_2012.ppt ….. 11/2/2013
Deskripsi
PROFIL
TANAH
………. Selanjutnya ….…
Bundaran Kantor Pusat Kampus UB
Foto: smno.kampus.ub.agst2012