American College of Nurse-Midwifery (ACNM)

American College of Nurse-Midwifery (ACNM)
ACNM merupakan organisasi Profesional nasional bagi Certified
Nurse-Midwives dan Certified Midwives. Misinya adalah
meningkatkan derajat kesehatan dan kesejahteraan ibu dan bayinya
dalam keluarga mereka dan dimasyarakat lewat pengembangan
dan dukunga profesi kebidanan seperti yang dilakukan oleh CNM
dan CM. ACNM menjadi badan usaha pada tahun 1995, didirikan
sebagai jawaban terhadap perkembangan berkelanjutan
serangkaian keadaan yang membutuhkan kreasi secepatnya.
Pertemuan tahunan ACNM yg pertama diadakan pada tanggal 12
dan 13 November 1955 di Kansas, Missiouri. Hattie
Hemschemeyer (direktur maternity Center Association School of
Nures-Midwifery) yang terpilih menjadi presiden pertama ACNM.
Pada tahun 1956, ACNM dan AACNM diterima oleh ICM atas
rekomendasi Negara inggris dan Skotlandia dan seluruh lembaga
ICM. Tahun 1969, AANM bergabung deng ACNM membentuk
ACNM.
Tahun 1972, ACNM menjadi tuan rumah dalam kongres tiga
tahunan ICM di Washington,D.C., ketika Lucille Woodville
(presiden ACNM periode 1960-1971 yang juga menjadi
Consultant Bureau of Indian Health Affair) menjadi Presiden ICM
periode 1969-1972.
Sasaran yang ingin dicapai ACNM, pertama kali diuraikan dlm
articles of Incorporation pd thn 1955 dan diperbaharui pada tahun
2000, mencerminkan perhatian perawat-bidan terhadap kualitas
pelayanan kesehatan bagi ibu dan bayi.
Keanggotaan ACNM sejak awal dibentuk memiliki karkteristik
berdedikasi, berkomitmen, kerja keras, berani menyampaikan
pendapat, pengorbanan diri, visi dan semangat untuk menjadi
perintis. Catatan riwayat singkat ACNM melibatkan orang-orang
dengan pemikiran besar kreatif, yang juga berkeinginan untuk
melakukan kerja terperinci sementara, disisi lain, bersedia
merogoh saku sendiri untuk membiayai hal tersebut.
Dimulai dengan 124 anggota, berkembang menjadi 860 pada tahun
1975 dan meningkat menjadi 1500 pada tahun 1980, meningkat
lagi manjadi 2534 di tahun 1984 dan 5000 angg. Pada tahun 1995.
ACNM telah menyatukan setiap aspek perawat-bidan: pendidikan,
praktik, pengakuan, legalisasi, surat izin, jaminan, komunikasi,
penelitian dan hubungan antarprofessional dan antarorganisasi.
Saat ini ACNM menyediakan atau berupaya supaya semua
mekanisme ini memungkinkan untuk bertahan dan berbicara atas
nama profesi perawat-kebidanan dan kebidanan seperti yang
dilakukan oleh CNM dan CM.
History Of MANA (Midwives Alliance of North America)
July 1985, MANA News supplement
When MANA was founded in 1982, there were many
organizations in North America which midwives had been
instrumental in organizing or that somehow provided a means of
communication and support among midwives. Among them were
the National Midwives’ Association, the Association for Childbirth
at Home, Inc., Informed Homebirth, and NAPSAC.
However, none of these organizations had a membership base
broad enough to draw all midwives together in one organization
that provided strength of numbers, an internal support system, or
the credibility and political clout necessary to promote midwifery
as an accepted part of the maternal-child health care system in
North America.
The American College of Nurse-Midwives was the only
professional organization of midwives that promoted inter-
professional relations with doctors, nurses, and other health care
provider; that provided guidelines for midwifery education and
quality midwifery practice; and that had developed a reliable
communication network keeping midwives around the country
informed of each others’ efforts. But ACNM membership was
limited to midwives who were nurses who had graduated from
ACNM accredited midwifery training programs and were certified
by national exam.
The ACNM was beginning to hear from midwives who did not
meet these requirements but were interested in being part of a
professional organization. Many nurse-midwives were eager to
open communication with midwives outside of the ACNM but
were thwarted by the lack of an equivalent organization with which
to establish a formal liaison.
Many midwives, both nurse-midwives and others, recognized the
vacuum that needed to be filled. Certain ones had the vision,
leadership and organizational skills necessary to institute the
formation of such an organization. One such midwife was Sister
Angela Murdaugh, President of the ACNM from 1981 to 1983.
In October 1981, Sister Angela called a meeting in Washington,
D.C., which she hoped would plant the seed for the formation of
this new organization. She invited 7 midwives from around the
country, a mix of nurse-midwives and other midwives educated in
a variety of ways. This initial meeting was called “Dialogue Day”
and consisted of a round-table discussion of the issues confronting
all midwives in the country, with special emphasis on the
communication concerns between nurse-midwives and other
American midwives. The upshot of this first meeting was a
decision to form a “Guild” that would include all midwives with
the following purposes in mind:
1. To expand communication among midwives.
2. To set educational guidelines for the training of midwives.
3. To set guidelines for basic competency and safety for
practicing midwives.
4. To form an identifiable professional organization for all
midwives in this country.
Present at this first meeting were several midwives who were on
the first MANA Governing Board: Teddy Charvet, Ina May
Gaskin, Susan Leibel, and Fran Ventre. An open meeting was
planned for Lexington, Kentucky, in April 1982, before the ACNM
Convention to follow-up on these discussions.
Despite communication problems between October and April,
nearly 100 women from around the country attended the next
meeting. Everyone was encouraged to speak to the idea of a
national professional organization for midwives. Input came from
many different states and many different types of midwives and
their supporters, all supporting the idea of an organization.
The upshot of the meeting was that the time was right to start the
work of putting together such an organization, and throughout the
next several days, a core group formed and the work began. The
name of Midwives’ Alliance of North America was chosen and the
decision to include Canada was made. The rough draft of the
Articles of Incorporation was drawn up, a communication vehicle
(Practicing Midwife) established, officers chosen, and a plan to
have a national conference in October 1982 was hatched.
From April to October 1982, communication channels were further
developed and more work was accomplished, but the organization
was not prepared to put together a national conference. Instead, in
October, a smaller “work meeting” was called and any midwife
with the interest, energy, and ability to get herself to Boulder,
Colorado, was invited. Twenty-three women from all over the U.S.
and one Canadian midwife attended. This broad-based,
organizationally skilled group worked well together and the
structural backbone on MANA was sketched out. Committees
were established and various projects started. This crucial meeting
facilitated by the generous efforts of Laine Gerritson and Carole
Shane of the Colorado Midwives’ Association, gave MANA the
big push it needed to really get off the ground and working.
From October 1982 to April 1983, more background work was
done, although communication was still less than ideal. The
Governing Board and officers that were appointed in Boulder,
developed networks for communication and worked on their
appointed tasks, but the MANA membership at large was still not
well-informed about MANA’s progress. At the May 1983 board
meeting in Los Angeles, the decision was made to publish the
newsletter, MANA News, thereby hoping to accomplish the first
and most important of our original goals – expand communication
among North American midwives. Also, at the L.A. meeting, work
on the first National MANA conference was consolidated,
questions of finances and membership were clarified and important
liaisons with other groups at the ACNM convention were made.
Kebidanan di Amerika Serikat
1In the US there are three types of midwives. Di AS ada tiga jenis
bidan.
I. Certified Nurse Midwives I. Certified Perawat Bidan
CERTIFIED NURSE MIDWIVES (CNMs) are trained through
approved programs of the American College of Nurse Midwives
(ACNM). CERTIFIED NURSE bidan (CNMs) dilatih melalui
program disetujui American College of Nurse Midwives (ACNM).
CNMs are trained in the disciplines of nursing and midwifery, but
their primary focus is the practice of midwifery. CNMs terlatih
dalam disiplin ilmu keperawatan dan kebidanan, tapi fokus utama
mereka adalah praktek kebidanan. These programs are run by
Nurse-Midwives, and usually affiliated with a University or
medical school. Programs are either a one year Certificate Program
or a two year Master’s Program. Program-program ini dijalankan
oleh perawat-bidan, dan biasanya berafiliasi dengan Universitas
atau sekolah kedokteran. Program-program baik Certificate
Program satu tahun atau dua tahun Master Program. Some Masters
degrees are in Nursing, some in Public Health, and some in
Midwifery. Beberapa gelar Master dalam Keperawatan, beberapa
di Kesehatan Masyarakat, dan beberapa di Midwifery. Some states
are requiring a Master’s Degree for a CNM to practice (such as
Washington and Oregon) for licensure. Beberapa negara yang
membutuhkan Master’s Degree untuk perawat-bidan untuk praktek
(seperti Washington dan Oregon) untuk lisensi. Some programs
admit two year degree RNs, and some programs require a BS in
Nursing for admission into the program. Beberapa program tahun
mengakui dua gelar RNS, dan beberapa program memerlukan
gelar BS in Nursing untuk masuk ke dalam program. There are
several accelerated programs, such as the one at Yale that admits
non-nurses with a 4 year degree and in three years the individual
graduates with a Masters in Nursing and become eligible to take
the boards to become both an RN and a CNM . Ada beberapa
program dipercepat, seperti yang ada di Yale yang mengaku nonperawat dengan gelar 4 tahun dan dalam tiga tahun individu
lulusan dengan gelar Masters in Nursing dan menjadi layak untuk
mengambil papan untuk menjadi baik suatu RN dan perawatbidan. The Community Based Nurse Midwifery Education
Program (CNEP) is an innovative distance learning program which
allows a student to study at home and gain clinical experience
locally. Perawat Berbasis Masyarakat Program Pendidikan
Kebidanan (CNEP) adalah sebuah program pembelajaran jarak
jauh inovatif yang memungkinkan mahasiswa untuk belajar di
rumah dan mendapatkan pengalaman klinis lokal. Some midwifery
programs for RNs seeking a CNM are developing innovative
curriculums and channels to increase access to education.
Beberapa program kebidanan untuk RNS mencari perawat-bidan
yang mengembangkan kurikulum dan saluran inovatif untuk
meningkatkan akses pendidikan.
The list of schools for CNMs is long, and new programs are
approved each year. Daftar sekolah untuk CNMs panjang, dan
program-program baru disetujui setiap tahun. You can contact the
American College of Nurse Midwives (ACNM) at
[email protected] to determine where the schools are and what the
requirements for admission are. Subscribing to the Journal of
Nurse Midwifery (the journal of the American College of Nurse
Midwives) will provide you with updates about programs, and
articles about CNMs and the issues facing them. Anda dapat
menghubungi American College of Nurse Midwives (ACNM) di
[email protected] untuk menentukan tempat sekolah dan apa
persyaratan untuk penerimaan ini. Berlangganan Journal of Nurse
Kebidanan (jurnal dari American College of Nurse Midwives)
akan memberikan update tentang program-program, dan artikel
tentang CNMs dan masalah yang dihadapi mereka.
In the USA, Certified Nurse Midwives are growing and
flourishing, numbering over 4000. Di Amerika Serikat, Certified
Perawat Bidan tumbuh dan berkembang, yang jumlahnya lebih
dari 4000. They are making inroads in many ways, bringing
midwifery care into the hospitals, providing care for low income
families and becoming a respected provider and part of the team of
providers in medical school programs, training residents in normal
birthing. Mereka sedang membuat terobosan dalam banyak cara,
perawatan kebidanan membawa ke rumah sakit, memberikan
perawatan bagi keluarga berpenghasilan rendah dan menjadi
penyedia dihormati dan bagian dari tim penyedia program-program
di sekolah kedokteran, pelatihan warga melahirkan normal.
Usually, CNMs work in a collaborative or co- management
relationship with physicians. Biasanya, CNMs bekerja di
kolaboratif atau co-manajemen hubungan dengan dokter. This
implies teamwork and promotes continuity of care. Ini berarti kerja
tim dan meningkatkan kesinambungan layanan. In some states
CNMs also hold a separate title, and must use it with their legal
signature. Di beberapa negara juga mengadakan CNMs judul yang
terpisah, dan harus menggunakannya dengan hukum mereka tanda
tangan. For example, in Washington state, I am an Advanced
Registered Nurse Practitioner (ARNP) and Certified Nurse
Midwife (CNM). Sebagai contoh, di negara bagian Washington,
saya Advanced Registered Nurse Practitioner (ARNP) dan
Certified Nurse Midwife (CNM). I am licensed through the Board
of Nursing as an ARNP because I am a licensed as a CNM. Saya
berlisensi melalui Dewan Keperawatan sebagai ARNP karena saya
berlisensi sebagai perawat-bidan. This is important for our future
viability, because nurse practitioners are uniting, and someday that
might be the title across the nation. Hal ini penting untuk
kelangsungan hidup masa depan kita, karena praktisi perawat
bersatu, dan suatu hari yang mungkin judul di seluruh bangsa. I am
required to use the title ARNP, and choose to use CNM also. Saya
diminta untuk menggunakan gelar ARNP, dan memilih untuk
menggunakan juga perawat-bidan. This is confusing sometimes to
the public. Ini kadang-kadang membingungkan masyarakat.
II. LICENSED OR CERTIFIED (direct entry) MIDWIVES II.
Berlisensi atau CERTIFIED (direct entry) bidan
LICENSED OR CERTIFIED (direct entry) MIDWIVES practice
in a home or birth center setting. Berlisensi atau CERTIFIED
(direct entry) bidan praktik di sebuah rumah atau kelahiran
pengaturan pusat. They can receive their training through a
combination of formal schooling, correspondence courses, self
study and apprenticeship. Although this is a non-nurse entry route
for midwifery, nurses are not excluded. Mereka dapat menerima
pelatihan melalui kombinasi pendidikan formal, korespondensi
kursus, belajar dan magang diri. Walaupun ini adalah perawat nonentri rute untuk kebidanan, perawat tidak dikecualikan. These
midwives must show that they meet or exceed the minimum
requirements for the practice of midwifery by documenting
experience and passing both skills and didactic exams. Bidan ini
harus menunjukkan bahwa mereka memenuhi atau melampaui
persyaratan minimum untuk praktek kebidanan oleh
mendokumentasikan pengalaman dan keterampilan baik lewat dan
didaktik ujian. In the United States, direct-entry midwifery is
legally recognized in 29 states. Di Amerika Serikat, langsung
masuk kebidanan secara legal diakui di 29 negara. Licensure,
certification or registration is available in 17 states and Medicaid
reimbursement is available 6 states. Lisensi, sertifikasi atau
registrasi tersedia di 17 negara dan Medicaid penggantian tersedia
6 negara. Licensed or certified midwives usually have a working
relationship with the State Health Departments, do sign birth
certificates, have lab accounts and usually have doctor back-up and
emergency procedures lined up. Berlisensi atau bidan bersertifikat
biasanya memiliki hubungan kerja dengan Departemen Kesehatan
Negara, melakukan menandatangani akte kelahiran, memiliki
account laboratorium dan dokter biasanya memiliki back-up dan
prosedur darurat berbaris. Licensed or certified midwives are
reimbursed by many insurance companies for birth center and
home births. Berlisensi atau bidan bersertifikat diganti oleh banyak
perusahaan asuransi untuk klinik bersalin dan rumah kelahiran.
There is a movement in the United States towards Professional
Midwifery: a process through which those aspiring to be midwives
can proceed and at the end be called a CERTIFIED
PROFESSIONAL MIDWIFE (CPM). Ada gerakan di Amerika
Serikat terhadap Kebidanan Profesional: suatu proses melalui
mana orang-orang bercita-cita menjadi bidan dapat dilanjutkan dan
pada akhir disebut CERTIFIED PROFESIONAL bidan (BPT). The
North American Registry of Midwives (NARM) is the first
certifying body to offer both a national examination and a national
validation process for professional direct-entry midwives, and
CNMs who assist with birth at home, who come to their practices
through multiple educational routes. Amerika Utara Pendaftaran
Bidan (NARM) adalah sertifikasi pertama tubuh untuk
menawarkan baik ujian nasional dan proses validasi nasional untuk
profesional bidan langsung masuk, dan membantu dengan CNMs
yang lahir di rumah, yang datang ke praktek mereka melalui
berbagai jalur pendidikan . NARM has been offering a registry
examination of entry-level midwifery knowledge since 1991.
NARM telah menawarkan pemeriksaan registri entry-level
pengetahuan kebidanan sejak 1991. NARM has just completed a
pilot project for a certification process which validates skills,
knowledge and experience. NARM baru saja menyelesaikan
sebuah proyek percontohan untuk sebuah proses sertifikasi yang
memvalidasi keterampilan, pengetahuan dan pengalaman. This
certification is now being offered nationwide and the new
credential is for Certified Professional Midwife. Sertifikasi
sekarang ini ditawarkan secara nasional dan mandat baru untuk
Certified Professional Bidan. The CPM has successfully completed
prescribed studies in midwifery accomplished through a variety of
educational routes. BPT telah berhasil menyelesaikan studi di
kebidanan ditetapkan dilakukan melalui berbagai jalur pendidikan.
The examination is based on Core Competencies established by the
Midwives’ Alliance of North America (MANA)
[email protected] the national organization representing
midwives. Pemeriksaan ini didasarkan pada Kompetensi Inti yang
didirikan oleh bidan ‘Aliansi Amerika Utara (MANA)
[email protected] organisasi nasional yang mewakili bidan. The
CPMs then practice in accord with the MANA Standards and
Guidelines for the Art and Practice of Midwifery. The CPM
kemudian praktek di MANA sesuai dengan Standar dan Pedoman
Art and Practice of Midwifery.
III. LAY or EMPIRICAL MIDWIVES III. LAY atau bidan
EMPIRIS
LAY or EMPIRICAL MIDWIVES, also referred to as direct entry
midwives, obtain their training through a variety of routes. LAY
atau EMPIRIS bidan, juga disebut sebagai penerimaan langsung
bidan, mendapatkan pelatihan mereka melalui berbagai rute. These
are midwives who have chosen not to become licensed or certified
for a variety of reasons, ranging from the lack of experience
necessary for licensure to not wanting to work under any type of
mandated protocols or guidelines. Ini adalah bidan yang telah
memilih untuk tidak menjadi berlisensi atau sertifikasi untuk
berbagai alasan, mulai dari kurangnya pengalaman yang
diperlukan untuk lisensi untuk tidak ingin bekerja di bawah mandat
semua jenis protokol atau pedoman. Some are part of a religious
group, and practice only within a specific community. Beberapa
bagian dari sebuah kelompok keagamaan, dan praktek hanya
dalam komunitas tertentu. In some areas they cannot charge for
their services, and can be prosecuted for doing so. Di beberapa
daerah mereka bisa tidak membebankan biaya atas jasa mereka,
dan dapat dituntut untuk melakukannya.
Community-based midwives have been providing care for
pregnant women across North America for many past years.
Currently there are two to three thousand independent midwives in
the US alone. Bidan berbasis masyarakat telah menyediakan
perawatan bagi wanita hamil di Amerika Utara selama bertahuntahun-tahun sebelumnya. Saat ini ada dua sampai tiga ribu bidan
independen di AS sendiri. There are many types of providers
providing prenatal care and birthing assistance in the United
States: Midwives with different sorts of titles and qualifications,
Physician Assistants, Family Practice or General Practitioners, and
Obstetricians. Ada banyak jenis penyedia menyediakan perawatan
pra-lahir dan bantuan persalinan di Amerika Serikat: Bidan dengan
berbagai macam judul dan kualifikasi, Asisten Dokter, Keluarga
Praktek atau dokter umum, dan Dokter kandungan. As you can
imagine, the process and outcome of a birth will be different,
depending upon the provider chosen to assist the birth. Seperti
yang dapat Anda bayangkan, proses dan hasil dari kelahiran akan
berbeda, tergantung pada penyedia dipilih untuk membantu
kelahiran.
2. WHAT CAN MIDWIVES DO? 2. APA YANG BISA
DILAKUKAN bidan? This will depend on the type of licensure
and the laws and restrictions within the local area. Ini akan
tergantung pada jenis lisensi dan hukum-hukum dan batasan dalam
area lokal.
CNMs can obtain hospital privileges, in some states can prescribe
most medications needed by women, and can attend birth in the
home, hospital or birth centers. Rumah sakit CNMs dapat
memperoleh hak istimewa, di beberapa negara dapat memberi
resep obat yang dibutuhkan oleh sebagian besar perempuan, dan
dapat menghadiri kelahiran di rumah, rumah sakit atau pusat
kelahiran. They can provide family planning and women’s health
care in addition to the full scope of prenatal and birthing care.
Mereka dapat memberikan keluarga berencana dan kesehatan
perempuan di samping cakupan penuh pralahir dan perawatan
persalinan. How they practice will depend upon their work setting.
Bagaimana mereka praktek akan bergantung pada lingkungan kerja
mereka. Some CNMs practice in large, busy Level III hospitals.
Beberapa praktek CNMs besar, sibuk Tingkat III rumah sakit. This
is usually episodic care, and they might work shifts and specific
clinics, and be able to work a limited 40 hour week. Hal ini
biasanya episodik perawatan, dan mereka mungkin bekerja shift
dan klinik tertentu, dan dapat bekerja yang terbatas 40 jam
seminggu.
Some CNMs have a solo private practice and others work in group
practices with other CNMs and/or physicians. Most CNMs provide
total midwifery care, with a physician for consultation and comanagement as needed. Beberapa solo CNMs memiliki praktik
swasta dan lain-lain dalam kelompok kerja praktik dengan CNMs
lain dan / atau dokter. Kebanyakan total CNMs memberikan
perawatan kebidanan, dengan seorang dokter untuk konsultasi dan
co-manajemen yang diperlukan. CNMs can earn a consistent
income, and can also practice as an RN if she cannot work as a
CNM. CNMs dapat memperoleh pendapatan yang konsisten, dan
dapat juga praktek sebagai RN kalau ia tidak bisa bekerja sebagai
perawat-bidan. Sometimes CNMs work for a family planning
agency such as Planned Parenthood or the Health Department
providing family planning services and women’s health care.
Kadang-kadang CNMs bekerja untuk badan keluarga berencana
seperti Planned Parenthood atau Departemen Kesehatan
memberikan pelayanan keluarga berencana dan perawatan
kesehatan wanita. Some CNMs practice midwifery internationally
on special projects for the American College of Nurse Midwives.
Beberapa praktek kebidanan CNMs internasional untuk proyekproyek khusus American College of Nurse Midwives. Present
projects include work in Ghana, Egypt, Uganda, Indonesia,
Morocco and Bolivia and include work with family planning
agencies and the training of training of Traditional Birth Assistants
and working towards improving the overall standard of living for
women and their families. Proyek sekarang termasuk bekerja di
Ghana, Mesir, Uganda, Indonesia, Maroko dan Bolivia dan
termasuk bekerja dengan badan-badan perencanaan keluarga dan
pelatihan pelatihan Kelahiran Tradisional Asisten dan bekerja
menuju keseluruhan meningkatkan standar hidup bagi perempuan
dan keluarga mereka.
Obtaining hospital privileges in the United States is a critical
element in a midwife’s ability to practice and use the resources
found within the hospital, such as the lab, radiology and the
emergency room. Perolehan hak rumah sakit di Amerika Serikat
adalah elemen penting dalam kemampuan bidan praktik dan
menggunakan sumber daya yang ditemukan di dalam rumah sakit,
seperti laboratorium, radiologi dan ruang gawat darurat. Hospital
by-laws can be written to either include or exclude this nonphysician provider. Rumah sakit demi hukum dapat ditulis baik
untuk menyertakan atau mengecualikan dokter non-selular. Some
by-laws require physician supervision and sometimes their
presence at the birth. Beberapa oleh-undang-undang memerlukan
pengawasan dokter dan kadang-kadang kehadiran mereka di
kelahiran. Other by-laws are more liberal. Lain oleh-hukum lebih
liberal. CNMs have made many strides over the past few years,
and many hospitals are receptive to midwives. CNMs telah
membuat banyak kemajuan selama beberapa tahun, dan banyak
rumah sakit yang menerima bidan. Women are requesting the care
of midwives, and hospitals choose to offer this option. Perempuan
meminta perawatan bidan, dan rumah sakit memilih untuk
menawarkan pilihan ini.
Non-physician providers in some institutions, can independently
admit and discharge their clients, however cannot vote on any
committees. Non-dokter di beberapa lembaga penyedia, dapat
secara independen mengakui dan pengosongan klien mereka,
namun tidak dapat memberikan suara pada setiap komite. CNMs
attend the perinatal committee, which discusses the rules and
regulation of the particular obstetrical unit, but they are not
allowed to vote on rules which might affect them. Perinatal CNMs
menghadiri komite, yang membahas peraturan dan peraturan dari
unit obstetri tertentu, tetapi mereka tidak diperbolehkan untuk
memilih pada aturan-aturan yang mungkin mempengaruhi mereka.
CNMs attend these meetings, and their visible presence makes an
impression at some level to their viability. CNMs menghadiri
pertemuan ini, dan terlihat kehadiran mereka membuat kesan pada
tingkat tertentu untuk kelangsungan hidup mereka. The by-laws
limit who can practice. Hukum yang oleh-batas yang dapat
berlatih. Each candidate is carefully screened for accuracy of
licensure and educational program. Probationary periods exist for
different practitioners, and requirements for non-physicians might
differ somewhat from what is required for a physician. Masingmasing kandidat dengan hati-hati diperiksa untuk ketepatan lisensi
dan program pendidikan. Ada masa percobaan untuk berbagai
praktisi, dan persyaratan untuk non-dokter mungkin agak berbeda
dari apa yang diperlukan untuk seorang dokter. Hospital
administrators are looking at different models of health care, and at
countries where midwives provide most of the care. Administrator
rumah sakit melihat pada model-model yang berbeda perawatan
kesehatan, dan di negara-negara di mana bidan memberikan
sebagian besar peduli.
The issue of hospital privileges affects non-CNMs, if they were to
want privileges, or even to use the services available at the
hospital. Masalah rumah sakit tidak mempengaruhi hak-hak
istimewa CNMs, jika mereka menginginkan hak-hak istimewa,
atau bahkan untuk menggunakan layanan yang tersedia di rumah
sakit. The midwife without privileges would need to go through a
physician or other provider to get an ultrasound ordered, and the
results would go to the physician, not the midwife. Bidan tanpa
hak istimewa akan harus melewati dengan dokter atau penyedia
lain untuk mendapatkan memerintahkan USG, dan hasilnya akan
pergi ke dokter, bukan bidan. Many midwives do not seek hospital
privileges, but others want to be able to transition their clients into
the hospital should the need arise, and be able to continue care
within the hospital. Some DEMs also sit on various committees in
their states and are able to promote change in obstetrical care,
along with the consumers in the community. Banyak bidan rumah
sakit tidak mencari hak-hak istimewa, tetapi yang lain ingin untuk
dapat transisi klien mereka ke rumah sakit jika perlu muncul, dan
dapat melanjutkan perawatan di dalam rumah sakit. Beberapa
DEMs juga duduk di berbagai komite di negara-negara mereka dan
mampu mempromosikan perubahan di perawatan obstetri, bersama
dengan konsumen di masyarakat.
Midwives without a formal license practice in a variety of ways
and with a variety of tools. Bidan tanpa lisensi resmi praktek dalam
berbagai cara dan dengan berbagai alat. Some use homeopathic,
herbal and other non-allopathic therapies within their practice,
such as massage, accupressure and reflexology. They assist births
in the home or within a birth center. Some midwives are
considered to be practicing illegally in their state by some
authorities. Beberapa menggunakan homeopati, herbal dan nonallopathic terapi dalam praktek mereka, seperti pijat, accupressure
dan refleksologi. Mereka membantu kelahiran di rumah atau di
dalam sebuah klinik bersalin. Beberapa bidan dianggap
mempraktekkan secara ilegal di negara mereka oleh beberapa
pihak berwenang. It is not illegal to have a home birth, but it might
be illegal for a midwife to attend the birth without appropriate
licensure. Hal ini tidak ilegal untuk memiliki rumah kelahiran,
tetapi mungkin ilegal bagi seorang bidan untuk menghadiri
kelahiran tanpa lisensi yang sesuai. A good example is in
Washington State, where there are CNMs, Licensed Midwives and
non-licensed midwives. Sebuah contoh yang baik adalah di
Washington State, di mana terdapat CNMs, Izin Bidan dan nonlisensi bidan. If the non- licensed midwife charges for her services,
this is considered illegal by state law. Jika lisensi non-biaya bidan
jasa baginya, ini dianggap ilegal oleh hukum negara. Licensed
midwives and CNMs can bill for their services through the state,
and be reimbursed by insurance plans. Berlisensi bidan dan CNMs
dapat tagihan untuk jasa mereka melalui negara, dan akan diganti
oleh asuransi.
Many midwives practice independent of any major medical
community, consulting with a specific physician if necessary that
is supportive of their cause, or having the client seek a consulting
physician should problems arise. Banyak bidan praktik terlepas
dari besar komunitas medis, konsultasi dengan dokter jika perlu
khusus yang mendukung perjuangan mereka, atau memiliki klien
mencari dokter harus konsultasi masalah muncul. In some
situations, midwives contact whatever back-up is available, using
the hospital’s on-call physician should transfer be necessary. A
hospital’s reception of a midwife’s transport may vary. Sometimes
the midwife and parents face a physician or nurse who disapproves
of the intended birth at home. Dalam beberapa situasi, bidan
kontak cadangan apa pun tersedia, dengan menggunakan rumah
sakit on-call dokter harus mentransfer perlu. Sebuah rumah sakit
penerimaan bidan’s transportasi mungkin berbeda-beda. Kadangkadang wajah orangtua bidan dan dokter atau perawat yang tidak
setuju yang dimaksud lahir di rumah. However as midwives and
out-of-hospital birthing have become more common, the hospital
staff has become more likely to greet the transport with
professional respect. Namun sebagai bidan dan di luar rumah sakit
melahirkan telah menjadi lebih umum, staf rumah sakit telah
menjadi lebih mungkin untuk menyambut transportasi dengan
hormat profesional. Licensure or certification provides a minimum
standard to which midwives adhere. Lisensi atau sertifikat
menyediakan standar minimum yang mematuhi bidan. The
intention is to protect the consumer from harm by a practitioner
without adequate training, but is no guarantee of competency.
Tujuannya adalah untuk melindungi konsumen dari bahaya oleh
seorang praktisi tanpa pelatihan yang memadai, namun tidak ada
jaminan kompetensi. Licensure and certification also imply a peer
review process to help midwives feel accountable for their actions.
Lisensi dan sertifikasi juga menyiratkan proses tinjauan rekan
untuk membantu bidan merasa bertanggung jawab atas tindakan
mereka.
In the USA, CNMs usually work from standing protocols that they
have developed themselves. Di Amerika Serikat, biasanya bekerja
dari CNMs berdiri protokol yang mereka kembangkan sendiri.
These are reviewed by their consultant physicians, and guide care.
Ini diperiksa oleh dokter konsultan mereka, dan panduan
perawatan. Generally these are of a medical or allopathic
orientation, however there are CNMs who use herbs and nonallopathic treatments within their practice. Umumnya ini adalah
seorang medis atau allopathic orientasi, namun ada yang
menggunakan bumbu CNMs dan non-allopathic perawatan dalam
praktek mereka. The ACOG (American College of Obstetrics and
Gynecology) has well documented and clearly presented
guidelines for practice, and most seem respectful of the diversity of
practice within the USA. The ACOG (American College of
Obstetrics and Gynecology) telah didokumentasikan dengan baik
dan disajikan dengan jelas pedoman untuk latihan, dan sebagian
besar tampaknya menghormati keragaman praktek dalam Amerika
Serikat. Following these guidelines are not required for practice,
but are considered part of the “standards of care” within the
community. Should legal action be taken against a physician or
midwife, these guidelines will be reviewed, and used as a standard
against which the outcome could be judged. Dengan mengikuti
panduan ini tidak diperlukan untuk latihan, tetapi dianggap sebagai
bagian dari “standar perawatan” dalam masyarakat. Apakah
tindakan hukum akan diambil terhadap seorang dokter atau bidan,
pedoman ini akan ditinjau, dan digunakan sebagai standar yang
hasil bisa dinilai.
3. WHAT DO MIDWIVES DO? 3. APA YANG bidan DO?
Midwives teach, educate and empower women to take control of
their own health care. Bidan mengajar, mendidik dan
memberdayakan perempuan untuk mengambil kendali atas
perawatan kesehatan mereka sendiri. In most communities, they
provide prenatal care, or supervision of the pregnancy, and then
assist the mother to give birth. Dalam kebanyakan masyarakat,
mereka menyediakan perawatan sebelum melahirkan, atau
pengawasan kehamilan, dan kemudian membantu ibu melahirkan.
They manage the birth, and guard the woman and her newborn in
the postpartum period. Most midwives encourage and monitor
women throughout their labor with techniques to improve the labor
and birth. Reassurance, positive imaging and suggestions to change
positions and walk helps labors progress. Mereka mengelola
kelahiran, dan menjaga wanita dan bayi yang baru lahir dalam
periode pasca-melahirkan. Kebanyakan bidan mendorong dan
memantau perempuan di seluruh tenaga kerja mereka dengan
teknik untuk meningkatkan tenaga kerja dan kelahiran.
Diyakinkan, pencitraan positif dan saran untuk mengubah posisi
dan berjalan membantu buruh kemajuan.
Many midwives provide family planning services and routine
women’s health examinations such as pap smears and physical
examinations. They teach women about sexually transmitted
infections, and focus on prevention of the spread of infections.
Banyak bidan memberikan pelayanan KB dan kesehatan wanita
rutin seperti pemeriksaan pap smear dan pemeriksaan fisik.
Mereka mengajarkan wanita tentang infeksi menular seksual, dan
fokus pada pencegahan penyebaran infeksi. What specifically
midwives do will depend upon: her training, her licensure, and
what is allowed in the state, province, or country in which she
practices. Bidan melakukan apa yang secara khusus akan
tergantung pada: pelatihannya, lisensi-nya, dan apa yang
diperbolehkan di negara bagian, propinsi, atau negara di mana dia
praktik. Certified Nurse Midwives (CNMs) in most states within
the USA can prescribe most medications, and in some areas also
provide women’s health care throughout the menopause years.
Certified Nurse Bidan (CNMs) di kebanyakan negara bagian di
Amerika Serikat bisa memberi kebanyakan obat-obatan, dan di
beberapa daerah juga menyediakan perawatan kesehatan wanita
menopause sepanjang tahun. CNMs can attend birth in the
hospital, birthing center, or home. CNMs dapat menghadiri
kelahiran di rumah sakit, klinik bersalin, atau rumah.
All midwives specialize in understanding normal aspects of the
childbearing cycle. Semua bidan mengkhususkan dalam
memahami aspek normal dari siklus melahirkan anak. They are
trained to recognize deviations from the normal, recommend
holistic means for bringing the situation back into the realm of
normal, or refer to another practitioner when necessary. Mereka
dilatih untuk mengenali penyimpangan dari normal,
merekomendasikan holistik berarti untuk membawa situasi
kembali ke dunia normal, atau merujuk ke dokter lain bila
diperlukan. Midwives believe it is important is to provide time for
questions, teaching, and time to listen to the concerns and needs of
the women they care for. Bidan percaya penting adalah
menyediakan waktu untuk pertanyaan, mengajar, dan waktu untuk
mendengarkan keprihatinan dan kebutuhan perempuan mereka
peduli untuk.
4. HOW DO I BECOME A MIDWIFE? 4. BAGAIMANA
MENJADI seorang bidan? There are many different paths to
becoming a midwife. Ada banyak jalan yang berbeda untuk
menjadi seorang bidan. Which path you choose will depend on
many factors: where you live, what the rules and regulations are in
your state or country which govern midwives, your age and
education, and what sorts of experiences you have had with
birthing. Jalan mana yang Anda pilih akan bergantung pada banyak
faktor: di mana Anda tinggal, apa aturan-aturan dan peraturan di
negara Anda atau negara yang mengatur bidan, umur dan
pendidikan Anda, dan apa macam pengalaman Anda telah dengan
melahirkan. The most important thing is that you need to look at
your reasons for wanting to become a midwife are, both short term
and long term. Yang paling penting adalah bahwa Anda perlu
melihat alasan Anda ingin menjadi seorang bidan adalah, baik
jangka pendek dan jangka panjang. This will help you determine
which path is best for you. Ini akan membantu Anda menentukan
jalan mana yang terbaik bagi Anda. The resource published by
Midwifery Today Getting an Education: Paths to Becoming a
Midwife gives good guidance and information about the various
paths to becoming a midwife. Sumberdaya diterbitkan oleh
Midwifery Today Memperoleh Pendidikan: Jalan untuk Menjadi
Bidan memberikan petunjuk yang baik dan informasi tentang
berbagai jalan untuk menjadi seorang bidan.
Some women start as childbirth educators and/or doulas to see how
it feels to them. Beberapa wanita melahirkan mulai sebagai
pendidik dan / atau doulas untuk melihat bagaimana rasanya
kepada mereka. I started as a childbirth educator, and offered to
labor support births with my students. Aku mulai sebagai pendidik
melahirkan, dan menawarkan dukungan tenaga kerja Kelahiran
dengan murid-murid saya. It reaffirmed my decision to become a
midwife, and the fire within me became very strong. Ini
menegaskan kembali keputusan saya untuk menjadi seorang bidan,
dan api dalam diri saya menjadi sangat kuat. I lived in California at
the time, and already had a 2 year degree in nursing, so decided
upon sought a Certificate program, through the University of
Mississippi, which was one year. I could have done things
differently, but this path seemed the best one for me at the time.
Aku tinggal di California pada waktu itu, dan telah memiliki 2
tahun gelar dalam perawatan, sehingga diputuskan mencari
program Sertifikat, melalui University of Mississippi, yang satu
tahun. Aku bisa melakukan hal-hal yang berbeda, tapi jalan ini
sepertinya yang terbaik satu untuk saya pada saat itu. While
teaching childbirth classes and gaining experiences with childbirth,
I soon met midwives and others interested in birthing. Ketika
mengajar kelas melahirkan dan mendapatkan pengalaman dengan
melahirkan, aku segera bertemu dengan bidan dan orang lain yang
tertarik dalam melahirkan. I observed many different types of
births and began develop a personal philosophy about birthing.
Aku mengamati banyak jenis kelahiran dan mulai mengembangkan
filosofi pribadi tentang melahirkan. I also became good friends
with a midwife, and she mentored me to help me gain experience.
She was an unlicensed midwife who became an RN at 35 and then
a CNM. Saya juga menjadi teman baik dengan seorang bidan, dan
ia membimbing saya untuk membantu saya mendapatkan
pengalaman. Dia adalah seorang bidan yang tidak berlisensi
menjadi RN di 35 dan kemudian perawat-bidan. She has practiced
in every type of setting as a midwife, including a private home
birth practice and large Health Maintenance Organization (HMO)
practice. Dia telah dipraktikkan di setiap jenis pengaturan sebagai
seorang bidan, termasuk rumah pribadi praktek kelahiran dan besar
Pemeliharaan Kesehatan Organization (HMO) praktek.
5. WHERE DO I FIND A MIDWIFE? 5. MANA SAYA
MENEMUKAN seorang bidan? Seek midwives in your
community, state and country of province. Carilah bidan di
komunitas Anda, negara negara dan provinsi. Speak with local
childbirth educators about midwives they know, and of course, talk
with your friends about their birth experiences and their particular
choice of provider. Berbicara dengan pendidik melahirkan lokal
tentang bidan yang mereka ketahui, dan tentu saja, berbicara
dengan teman-teman Anda tentang pengalaman kelahiran mereka
dan mereka pilihan tertentu selular. Watch for health fairs in your
area, check with herb and health food stores and ask questions of
other types of health providers such as massage therapists and
doulas. Perhatikan pameran kesehatan di daerah Anda, cek dengan
jamu dan toko makanan kesehatan dan mengajukan pertanyaanpertanyaan dari jenis-jenis penyedia layanan kesehatan seperti pijat
terapis dan doulas.
Call the local hospitals and ask about midwives, childbirth
educators and doulas. Teleponlah rumah sakit setempat dan
bertanya tentang bidan, melahirkan pendidik dan doulas. Some
systems have referral systems for midwives well thought out, and
you can easily locate a midwife. Beberapa sistem memiliki sistem
rujukan untuk bidan dipikirkan dengan baik, dan Anda dapat
dengan mudah menemukan bidan. In other areas you may need to
ask lots of questions. Di daerah lainnya, Anda mungkin perlu
mengajukan banyak pertanyaan. Ask La Leche League leaders for
names of midwives they know, as would any other groups that
work with mothers and infants. Tanyakan La Leche League nama
para pemimpin untuk bidan mereka tahu, seperti yang akan
kelompok-kelompok lainnya yang bekerja dengan ibu dan bayi.
There might be a listing within your phone book for midwives, but
some midwives are not listed there due to finances or legalities.
Mungkin ada dalam daftar buku telepon Anda untuk bidan, tetapi
beberapa bidan tidak terdaftar di sana karena keuangan atau yg
berkenaan dgn hukum. In Georgia, in the US, only CNMs are
found in the yellow pages and none of them attend homebirths. Di
Georgia, di Amerika Serikat, hanya CNMs ditemukan di halaman
kuning dan tak satu pun dari mereka hadir homebirths. Contact
nurse practitioners in your area, and also your local Health
Department and Planned Parenthood. Kontak perawat praktisi di
daerah Anda, dan juga Departemen Kesehatan setempat Anda dan
Planned Parenthood. They will usually tell you their favorite
providers first. Mereka biasanya akan memberi tahu Anda pertama
penyedia favorit mereka. Contact the American College of Nurse
Midwives [email protected] Phone: (202) 728-9860) for
information about schools and practices within your area or The
Midwives Alliance of North America [email protected] Phone:
(316) 283-4543) 6. Hubungi American College of Nurse Midwives
[email protected] Telepon: (202) 728-9860) untuk informasi
mengenai sekolah-sekolah dan praktik di daerah Anda atau The
Bidan Aliansi Amerika Utara [email protected] Telepon: (316)
283-4543 ) HISTORY OF MIDWIFERY IN THE UNITED
STATES (in de
DAFTAR PUSTAKA
Helen Varney,Jan M. Kriebs, Carolyn L. Gegor Buku Ajar Asuhan
Kebidanan Ed 4 jilid 1, EGC, 2007
Dwana Estiwidani, SST, Niken Meilani, S.SiT, Hesty Widyasih,
SST, Yani Widyastuti, S.SiT, Konsep Kebidanan cet. 2, Fitramaya,
2008
Cristine Handerson, Kathleen Jones, Buku Ajar Konsep
Kebidanan, Mosby-EGC, 2006
www.midwiferytoday.com/international/usa.asp
www.acnm.org
www.mana.org/we.html
www.dona.org/abboutus/index
www.efn.org/%7Edjz/birth/midwifefaq/usmid.html
www.mamahalvito.blogspot.com/donwload/MAMAHALVITOSEJARAH-KEBIDANAN.htm
www.highman-purwanto.weblog.com/download/sejarahperkembangan-pelayanan-pendidikan-kebidanan