DAFTAR PUSTAKA Ahalya, B., Ravishankar, K., dan Priyabandhavi, P. (2013). Evaluation of In Vitro Antioxidant Activity of Annona muricata Bark. International Journal of Pharmaceutical , Chemical, and Biological Sciences. 3(2): 406–410. Alezandro, M. R., Granato, D., dan Genovese, M.I. (2013). Jaboticaba (Myrciaria jaboticaba (Vell.) Berg), a Brazilian Grape-like Fruit, Improves Plasma Lipid Profile in Streptozotocin-Mediated Oxidative Stress in Diabetic Rats. Food Research International. 54(1): 650–659. Ali, S. S., Kasoju, N., Lutra, A., Singh, A., Sharanabasava, H., Sahu, A., et al. (2008). Indian medicinal herbs as sources of antioxidants. Food Res. Int. 41(1): 1-15. Anggraeni, R. (2014). Uji Aktivitas Antikanker Payudara dari Kombinasi Ekstrak n-heksana dan etil asetat buah andaliman (Zanthoxylum acanthopodium DC.) dengan Doksorubisin terhadap Sel Kanker T47D secara In Vitro. Tesis. Medan: Fakultas Farmasi Universitas Sumatera Utara. Halaman 41. Astuti, S. (2008). Isoflavon Kedelai dan Potensinya sebagai Penangkapan Radikal Bebas. Jurnal Teknologi Industri dan Hasil Pertanian. 13(2): 126-136. Atun, A. (2008). Aktivitas Oligoresveratrol dari Kulit Batang Hopea mengarawan (Dipterocarpaceae) sebagai Penangkal Radikal Hidroksil. Hayati. 13(2): 65-68. Avery, S. A. (2011). Molecular Targets of Oxidative Stress. Biochemical Journal. 434(1): 201–210. Azizah, M. N. (2015). Penentuan Potensi Induksi Apoptosis Tilirosida dari Ekstrak Daun Jati Belanda (Guazuma ulmifolia Lamk.) terhadap Sel T47D dengan Metode Flow cytometry. Naskah Publikasi. Surakarta: Fakultas Farmasi Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta. Halaman 6. Benhar, M., Engelberg D, dan Levitski A. (2002). Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS), Stress-Activated Kinases and Stress Signaling in Cancer. EMBO reports. 3(5): 420-425. Bowler, R. P., dan Crapo, J. D. (2002). Oxidative Stress in Airways. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 166(1): 38-43. BPOM RI. (2008). Taksonomi Koleksi Tanaman Obat Kebun Tanaman Obat Citeurep. Badan Pengawas Obat dan Makanan Republik Indonesia Deputi Bidang Pengawasan Obat Tradisional, Kosmetik dan Produk Komplemen Direktorat Obat Asli Indonesia. Jakarta. Halaman 75. CCRCa (Cancer Chemoprevention Research Centre). (2009). Protokol Kultur Sel. Yogyakarta: Cancer Chemoprevention Research Centre. Halaman 1-7. 69 Universitas Sumatera Utara CCRCb (Cancer Chemoprevention Research Centre). (2012). Uji Sitotoksik Metode MTT. Yogyakarta: Cancer Chemoprevention Research Centre. Halaman 1-7. CCRCc (Cancer Chemoprevention Research Centre). (2012). Preparasi Sampel Untuk Siklus dengan Metode Flow cytometry. Yogyakarta: Cancer Chemoprevention Research Centre. Halaman 1-7. CCRCd (Cancer Chemoprevention Research Centre). (2012). Pengamatan Ekspresi Protein dengan Metode Imunositokimia. Yogyakarta: Cancer Chemoprevention Research Centre. Halaman 1-7. CCRCe (Cancer Chemoprevention Research Centre). (2008). Protokol In Vitro. Yogyakarta: Cancer Chemoprevention Research Centre. Halaman 1-23. Chantika, F. B. (2012). Pengaruh Lingkungan Mikro Sel Fibroblas Normal dan Kanker Terhadap Apoptosis Sel Punca Kanker Payudara dengan Uji Annexin V dan Sitokrom C. Skripsi. Depok: FMIPA Universitas Indonesia. Chia, Y. Y., Kanthimathi, M. S., Rajarajeswaran, J., Khoo, K. S., dan Cheng, H. M. (2015). Antioxidant, Antiproliferative, Genotoxic and Cytoprotective Effects of The Methanolic Extract of Padina tetrastromatica on Human Breast Adenocarcinoma and Embryonic Fibroblast Cell Lines. Frontier in Life Science. 1-8. Cho, H. S., Chang, S. H., Chung., Y. S., Shin, J. Y., Park, S. J., Lee, E. S., et al. (2009). Synergistic Effect of ERK Inhibition on Tetrandine-Induced Apoptosis in A549 Human Lung Carcinoma Cells. Journal of Veterinary Science. 10(1): 23-28. Choi, Y. J., Kang, J. S., Park, J. H. Y., Lee, Y. J., Choi, J. S., dan Kang, Y. H. (2002). Polyphenolic Flavonoid Difer in Their Antiapoptotic Efficacy in Hydrogen Peroxide-Treated Human Vascular Endothelial Cells. J. Nutr. 133(1): 989-991. Cook, N. C., dan Samman, S. (1996). Flavonoids and Chemistry, Metabolism, Cardioprotective Effect, and Dietary Sources. Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry. 7: 66-67. Craciunescu, O., Constantin, D., Gaspar, A., Toma, L., Utoiu, E., dan Moldovan, L. (2012). Evaluation of Antioxidant and Cytoprotective Activities of Arnica montana L. and Artemisia absinthium L. Ethanolic Extracts. Chemistry Central Journal. 1-11. 70 Universitas Sumatera Utara D’Autreaux, B. danTolendano, M. B., (2007). ROS signaling molecules: mechanisms that generate specificity in ROS homeostatis. Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell. Biol. 8(1): 813-24. Damanik, R. (2006). Lactogague Effect of Torbangun, Bataknese Traditional Cuisine. Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 15(2): 267-274. Demo S. D., Masuda, E., Rossi, A. B., Throndset, B. T., Gerard, A. L., dan Chan, E. H. (1999). Quantitative Measurement of Mast Cell Degranulation Using a Novel Flow Cytometric Annexin-V Binding Assay. Cytometry. 36(1): 340-348. Depkes RI. (1979). Farmakope Indonesia. Edisi Ketiga. Jakarta: Departemen Kesehatan RI. Halaman32-33, 649, dan 696. Depkes RI. (1986). Sediaan Galenik.Jakarta: Departemen Kesehatan RI. Halaman 10-11. Depkes RI. (1989). Materia Medika Indonesia. Jilid V. Jakarta: Departemen Kesehatan RI. Halaman 151-154. Depkes RI. (1995). Materia Medika Indonesia. Jilid VI. Jakarta: Departemen Kesehatan RI. Halaman 299-304, 321-325, dan 333-335. Depkes RI. (2000). Parameter Standar UmumEkstrak Tumbuhan Obat. Cetakan Pertama. Jakarta: Departemen Kesehatan RI. Halaman 10-17. Depkes RI. (2008). Farmakope Herbal Indonesia Edisi I. Jakarta: Direktorat Jenderal Pengawasan Obat dan Makanan. Halaman 169-171. Desaintes, C., Goyat, S., Garbay, S., Yaniv, M., dan Thierney, F., (1999), Papillomavirus E2 Induces p53-Independent Apoptosis in HeLa Cells, Oncogene. 18(1) : 4545-4583 Dhani, S. R., dan Yamasari, Y. (2014). Rancang Bangun Sistem Pakar untuk Mendiagnosa Penyakit Degeneratif. Jurnal Manajemen Informatika. 3(2): 17-25. Dia, S. P. S., Nurjanah., dan Jacoeb, A. M. (2015). Komposisi Kimia dan Aktivitas Antioksidan Akar, Kulit Batang dan Daun Lindur. JPHPI. 18(2): 205-219. Finaund, J., Lac, G., dan Filaire, E. (2006). Oxidative stress, relationship with exercise and training. Journal Sports Med. 36(4): 327-358. Farnsworth, N. R. (1966). Biological and Phytochemical Screening of Plants. Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 55(3): 263. 71 Universitas Sumatera Utara Garelnabi, M. O., Brown, W. V., dan Le, N. A. (2008). Evaluation of A Novel Colorimetric Assay For Free Oxygen Radicals As A Marker of Oxidative Stress. Atlanta. J. Clinical Biochemistry. 41(14-15): 1250-1254. Ginting, A. S. (2015). Uji Aktivitas Antioksidan Ekstrak Etanolik Umbi Wortel (Daucus carota L.) Serta Aktivitas Sitoprotektif pada Sel Vero. Skripsi. Yogyakarta: Fakultas Farmasi Universitas Gadjah Mada. Halaman 3. Goncalves, E. M., Ventura, C. A., Yano. T., Macedo, M. L. D., dan Ganeri, S. C. (2006). Morphological and Growth Alterations In Vero Cells Transformed by Cysplatin. Cell Biology International. 30(6): 485-494 Halliwel, B., Clement, M. V., dan Long, L. H. (2000). Hydrogen Peroxide in The Human Body. FEBS Lett. 486(1): 10-13. Halliwell, B., dan Whiteman, M. (2004). Measuring reactive species and oxidative damage in vivo and in cell culture: how should you do it and what do the results mean?. British Journal of Pharmacology. 142(1): 231-255. Handayani, R., Sugiyanto, dan Salamah, N., (2001). Uji Sitotoksisitas Senyawa Aktif Komponen Daun Gynura procumbens (Lour) Merr Terhadap Beberapa Cell Line. Majalah Farmasi Indonesia. 12(3): 140-151. Hanifa, N. I. (2015). Efek Sitoprotektif dan Antioksidan dari Ekstrak Etanolik Buah Naga Merah (Hylocereus polyrhizus) dan Wortel (Daucus carota L.). Tesis.Yogyakarta: Fakultas Farmasi Universitas Gadjah Mada. Halaman xiii. Harborne, J. B. (1996). Metode Fitokimia. Penuntun Cara Modern MeNganalisa Tumbuhan. Terjemahan Kosasih Padmawinata. Edisi II. Bandung: ITB Press. Halaman 147-148. Hasibuan, P. A. Z., Rosidah., Ilyas, S., dan Nasution, M. P. (2013). Antioxidant and cytotoxic Activities of Plectranthus amboinicus (Lour.) Spreng. Extracts. International Journal of Pharmacy Teaching and Practice. 4(3): 755-758. Hole, R., Juvekar, A., Roja, G., Eapen, S., dan D’Souza, S. (2009). Positive inotropic effect of the leaf extracts of parent and tissue culture plants of Coleus amboinicus on an isolated perfused frog heart preparation. Food Chemistry. 114(1): 139–141. Hostanska, K., Nisslein, T., Freudenstein, J., Reichling, J., dan Saller, R. (2004). Evaluation of Cell Death Caused by Triterpene Glycosides and Phenolic Substances from Cimifuga racemosa Extract in Human MCF-7 Breast Cancer Cells. Biologycal & Pharmaceutical Bulletin. 27(12): 1970-1975. Ivanova, E., dan Ivanov, B. (2000). Mechanism of Extracellular Antioxidant Defends. Exp Pathol and Parasitol. 4(1): 49-59. 72 Universitas Sumatera Utara Japardi, I. (2002). Penyakit degeneratif pada medula spinalis. http://library.usu.ac.id/download/fk/bedahiskandar%20japardi39.pdf. Diakses tanggal 18 Feb 2016. Kaliappan N. D., dan Viswanathan P. K. (2008). Pharmacognostical studies on the leaves of Plectranthus amboinicus (Lour) Spreg. Int J Green Pharm. 8(3):182-184. Kang, J.S., Choi, I.W., Han, M.H., Lee, D.S., Kim, G.Y., Hwang, H.J., et al. (2015). The Cytoprotective Effect of Petalonia binghamiae Methanol Extract against Oxidative Stress in C2C12 Myoblast: Mediation by Upregulatuon of Heme Oxygenase-1 and Nuclear Factor-Erythroid 2 Related Factor 2. Mar. Drugs. 13: 2666-2679. Kurkcu, R. (2010). The Effects of Short-Term Exercise on The Parameters of Oxidant and Antioxidant System in Handball Players. African Journal ofPharmacy and Pharmacology. 4(7) : 448-452. Kupcsik, L., dan Martin, J. S. (2011). Mammalian Cell Viability: Methods and Protocols. New York: Humana Press. Halaman 13-18. Kohen, R., dan Nyska, A. (2002). Oxidation of Biological System: Oxidative Stress Phenomena, Antioxidant, Redox Reaction and Methods for Their Quantification. Toxicologic Pathology.30(1):620-650. Koncazak, I., Okuno, S., Yoshimoto, M., dan Yamakawa, O. (2004). Caffeoylquinic Acids Generated In Vitro in High-AnthocyaninAccumulating Sweet potato Cell Line. Journal of Biomedicine and Biotechnology. 5(1):287-292. Korkina L.G., dan Afanas’ev, I. B. (1997). Antioxidant and Chelating Properties of Flavonoids. Adv Pharmacol. 38(1):151–163. Kovacic P. dan Jacintho J. D. (2001). Mechanisms of Carcinogenesis: Focus On Oxidative Stress and Electron Transfer. Curr.Med.Chem.8(1): 773-796 Kregel, K. C., dan Zhang, H. J. (2007). An integrated view of oxidative stress in aging: basic mechanisms, functional effects, and pathological considerations. American Journal of Physiology.292(1). 18-36. Latumahina, J. G., Kakisina, P., dan Moniharapon, M. (2011). Peran Madu Sebagai Antioksidan dalam Mencegah Kerusakan Pankreas Mencit (Mus musculus) Terpapar Asap Rokok Kretek. Molucca Medica. 4(1): 106-116. Lay, B.W. (1996). Analisis Mikroba di Laboratorium. Jakarta: Raja Grafindo Persada. Halaman 57-58 dan 109. 73 Universitas Sumatera Utara Lu, J. M., Lin, P. H., Yao, Q., dan Chen, C. (2010). Chemical and molecular mechanisms of antioxidants: Experimentalmapproaches and model systems. J. Cell. Mol. Med. 14(4): 840-860. Manjamalai, A., Narala, Y., Haridas, A., dan Grace, B. M. V. (2011). Antifungal, Antiinflammatory and GC-MS of Methanolic Extract of Plectranthus ambboinicus Leaf. Int J Curr PharmRes. 3(2): 129-136. Mangathayaru., Thirunurgan P. D., dan Patel P. S. (2008). Essential oil composition of Coleus amboinicus Lour. Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 67(1):122-123. Mansuri, M. L., Parihar, P., Solanki, I., dan Parihar, M. S. (2014). Flavonoids in modulation of cell survival signalling pathways. Genes Nutr. 9(1): 400408. Marbawati, D., Umniyati, S.R., dan Sardjiman. (2015). Potensi Kurkumin dan Pentagamavunon-0 sebagai Anti Viral Denggue-2. Buletin Penelitian Kesehatan. 43(2): 89-96. Maroziene, A., Ceniene, A. N., Vidziunaite, R., dan Cenas, N. (2012). Correlation between mammalian cell cytotoxicity of flavonoids and the redox potential of phenoxyl radical/phenol couple. Acta Biocimica Polonica. 59(2): 299305. McCord, J. M. (2000). The Evolution of Free Radicals and Oxidative Stress. American Journal of Medicine.108(1):652– 659. Merloo, J., Kaspers, G. J. L., dan Cloos, J. (2011). Cell Sensivity Assays: The MTT Assay. Dalam: Cancer Cell Culture Methods and Protocols. Disunting Oleh Ian A. Cree. Edisi Kedua. London: Human Press. Halaman 237-244. Montagnon, B. J., Fanget, B., dan Nicolas, A. J. (1981). The large-scale cultivation of Vero cells in micro-carrier culture for virus vaccine production. Preliminary results for killed poliovirus vaccine. Development of Biology Standart. 47(1): 55–64. Navarro-Yepes, J., Zavala-Flores, L., Anandhan, A., Wang, F., Skotak, M., Chandra, N., et al. (2014). Antioxidant gene therapy against neuronal cell death, Journal Pharmacology and Therapeutics.142(1): 206–230. Nijveldt, R. J., van N. E., van H. D. E., Boelens, P. G., van, N. K., dan van, L. P. A (2001). Flavonoids: a review of probable mechanisms of action and potential applications. American Society for Clinical Nutritions. 74(1):418425. Nimse, S. B., dan Pal, D. (2015). Free radicals, natural antioxidants, and their reaction mechanisms. Royal Society of Chemistry. 5(1): 27986-28006. 74 Universitas Sumatera Utara Nindl, G. (2004). Hydrogen Peroxide from Oxidative Stressor to Redox Regulator. Cell Sci Rev. 1(2): 1-12. Nuraini, A. D. (2007). Ekstraksi Komponen Antibakteri dan Antioksidan dari Biji Teratai (Nympheaea pubescens Willd). Skripsi. Bogor: Fakultas Teknologi Pertanian Institut Pertanian Bogor. Halaman 42. Pamplona, S., Sa, P., Lopes, D., Costa, E., Yamada, E., Silva, C., et al. (2015). In Vitro Cytoprotective Effects and Antioksidant Capacity of Phenolic Compound from, the Leaves of Swietenia macrophylla. Molecules. 20(1): 18777-18788. Park, J. M., Lee, J. S., Lee, K. R., Ha, S. J dan Hong, E. K. (2014). Cordyceps militaris Extract Protects Human Dermal Fibroblasts against Oxidative Stress-Induced Apoptosis and Premature Senencence. Nutrients. 6(1): 3711-3726. Perez, R., Freeman, S., Cohen, D., Sichel, J. Y., dan Sohmer, H. (2003). The Effect of Hydrogen Peroxide Applied to Middle Ear on Inner Ear Function. Laryngoscope. 113(1): 2042-2046. Pietta, P. G. (2000). Flavonoids as Antioxidants. J. Nat. Prod. 63(1): 1035-1042. Powers, S. K., dan Jackson, M. J. (2008). Exercise-Induced Oxidative Stress: Cellular Mechanisms and Impact on Muscle Force Production. Physiological Reviews. 88(1): 1243–1276. Priyadarshini, dan Jain, K. (2015). Cytoprotective Effect of Ocimum Extract on Injured Renal Epithelial Cells. International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences. 7(10): 15-18. Puspitasari, M. L., Wulansari, T. V., Widyaningsih, T. D., Maligan, J. M., dan Nugrahini, N. I. P. (2016). Aktivitas Antioksidan Suplemen Herbal Daun Sirsak (Annona muricata L.) dan kulit manggis (Garcinia mangostana L.): Kajian Pustaka. Jurnal Pangan dan Agroindusutri. 4(1): 283-290. Rahmawati, G., Rachmawati, F. N., dan Winarsih, F. (2014). Aktivitas Superoksida Dismutase Tikus Diabetes yang Diberi Ekstrak Batang Kapulaga dan Glibenkamid. Scripta Biologica. 1(3): 19-23. Rao, B.S., Shanboge, R., Upadhya, D., Jagetia, G. C., Adiga, S. K., Kumar, P., et al. (2006). Antioxidant, Anticlastogenic and Radioprotective Effect of Coleus aromaticus on Chinese Hamster Fibroblast Cells(V79) Exposed to Gamma Radiation. Mutagenesis. 21(4): 237-242. Rathore K. S., Panchawat, S., dan Sisodia S. S. (2010). A Review on Herbal Antioxidants. International Journal of Pharm Tech Research. 2(1): 232– 239. Rohman, A. (2016). Lipid: Sifat Fisika Kimia Dan Analisisnya. Yogyakarta: Pustaka Pelajar. Halaman 216. 75 Universitas Sumatera Utara Rohman, A., Riyanto, S., dan Utari, D. (2005). Daya Antioksidan Eksttrak Etanol Daun Kemuning (Murraya paniculata (L) Jack) Secara In vitro. Majalah Farmasi Indonesia. 16(3):136-140. Rosidah dan Hasibuan, P. A. Z. (2014). Cytotoxic Effect of n-Hexane, Ethylacetate and Etanol Extracs of Plectranthus amboinicus (Lour.) Spreng. On Hela and Vero Cells Lines. International Journal of Pharmtech Research. 6(6): 1806-1809. Ryter, S. W., Kim, H. P., Hoetzel, A., Park, J. W., Nakahira, K., Wang, X., et al. (2007). Mechanisms of Cell Death in Oxidative Stress. Antioxidants and Redox Signaling. 9(1): 49-89. Safaeian, L., Javanmard, S. H., Ghanadian, M., dan Seifabadi, S. (2015). Cytoprotective and Antioxidant Effects of Echium amoenum AnthocyaninRich Extract in Human Endothelial Cells (HUVECs). AJP. 5(2): 157-166. Salamah, N., dan Widyasari, E. (2015). Aktivitas Antioksidan Ekstrak Metanol Daun Kelengkeng (Euphoria longan (L) Steud.) dengan Metode Penangkapan Radikal 2,2’-Difenil-1-Pikrilhidrazil. 5(1): 25-33. Santosa, C. M., dan Hertiani, T. (2005). Kandungan Senyawa Kimia dan Efek Ekstrak Air Daun Bangun-bangun (Coleus amboinicus, L.) pada Aktivitas Fagositosis Netrofil Tikus Putih (Rattus norvegicus). Majalah Farmasi Indonesia. 16(3): 141 – 148. Satria, D. (2015). Elusidasi Struktur Senyawa Aktif Kuda Laut (Hippocampus trimactulatus Leach.) Terhadap Sel MCF-7. Tesis. Medan: Fakultas Farmasi Universitas Sumatera Utara. Halaman 55-56. Sayed, S. D., El-Attar, M. M., dan Husein, A. A. (2009). Evaluation of Flowcytometric Immunophenotyping and DNA Analysis for Detection of Malignant Cells in Serosal Cavity Fluids. Diagn cytopathol.37(7): 498504. Sayuti, K., dan Yenrina, R. (2015). Antioksidan, Alami dan Sintetik. Padang: Andalas University Press. Halaman 17. Sembodo, T. A. P. (2015). Uji Aktivitas Antioksidan secara In Vitro dan Kemampuan Proteksi Terhadap Kerusakan DNA dari Protein Biji Melinjo (Gnetum gnemon L.). Skripsi. Jember: Universitas Jember. Shyama, P. S., Naik, P., dan Vijayalaxmi, K. (2002). Efficiency of Coleus aromaticus Extract in Modifying Cyclophosphamide and Mitomicyn-C Induceed Clastogenicity in Mouse Bone Marrow Cells. Journal of Experimental Biology. 40(9):1020-1025. 76 Universitas Sumatera Utara Sumardika, I. W. dan Jawi, I. M. 2012. Ekstrak Air Daun Ubi Jalar Ungu Memperbaiki Profil Lipid Dan Meningkatkan Kadar SOD Darah Tikus Yang Diberi Makanan Tinggi Kolesterol. Medicina. 43(1): 67-71. Surya, A., Jose, C., dan Teruna, H. Y. (2013). Studi Aktivitas Antioksidan dari Ekstrak Metanol dan Etil Asetat pada Daun Bangun-Bangun (Plectranthus amboinicus). J.Ind.Che.Acta. 4(1): 12-16. Susantiningsih, T. (2015). Oksidatif dan Stres Oksidatif. JuKe Unila. 5(9): 89-93. Syamsuni, H.A. (2006). Ilmu Resep. Jakarta: Buku Kedokteran EGC. Halaman 249-250. Szocs, K. (2004). Endothelial dysfunction and reactive oxygen spesies production in ischemia/reperfusion and nitrate tolerrance. Gen Physiol Biophys. 23(1): 265-295. Ueda, J., Tezuka, Y., Banskota A. H., Tran, Q. L., Tran, Q. K., Harimaya, Y., et al. (2002). Antiproliferative Activity of Vietnamese Medicinal Plants. Biol. Pharm. Bull. 25(6): 753-760. Ulfah, M. (2010). Flow cytometry untuk Evaluasi Aktifitas Obat Antiplasmodial pada Gametosit Plasmodium falciparum. Malaria Journal. 9(1): 49-55. Wang, J., Zhao, Y. M., Zhang, B., dan Guo, C. Y. (2015). Protective Effect of Total Phenolic Compounds from Inulahelenium on Hydrogen Proxideinduced Oxidative Stress in SH-SY5Y Cells. Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 77(2): 163-169. Waris, G. dan Ahsan, H. (2006). Reactive Oxygen Species: Role in The Development of Cancer and Various Chronic Condition. Journal ofCarcinogenesis. 5(14): 1-8. Waris, R. (2015). Efek Sitoprotektif dan Antioksidan dari Ekstrak Etanolik Buah Jambu Biji Merah (Psidium guajava L.) dan Tomat (Lycopersicon lycopersicum L. Karsten). Tesis. Yogyakarta: Fakultas Farmasi Universitas Gadjah Mada. Halaman xiv. Warsiki, E., Damayanthy, E. dan Damanik, R. (2005). Karakteristik Mutu Sop Daun Torbangun (Coleus Amboinicus Lour) dalam Kemasan Kaleng dan Perhitungan Total Migrasi Bahan Kemasan. J. Tek. Ind. Pert. 18(3): 21-24. Werdhasari, A. (2014). Peran Antioksidan Bagi Kesehatan. Jurnal Biotek Medisiana Indonesia. 3(2): 59-68. Widowati, W., Safitri, R., Rumumpuk, R., dan Siahaan, M. (2005). Penapisan Aktivitas Superoksida Dismutase pada Berbagai TanamanJKM. 5(1): 3348. 77 Universitas Sumatera Utara Wikanta, T., Rasyidin, M., Rahayu, L., dan Pratitis, A. (2012). Aktivitas Sitotoksik dan Induksi Apoptosis dai Ekstrak Etil Asetat Ulva fasciata Delile terhadap sel CaSki dan Sel MCF-7. JPB Perikanan. 7(2): 87-96. Wiranatha, I. G. P., Aryasih, I. G. A. M., dan Posmaningsih, D. A. A. (2014). Pengaruh Lama Kontak Hidrogen Peroksida terhadap Keluhan Subyektif Pengrajin Lontar. Jurnal Kesehatan Lingkungan. 4(1): 61-69. Wolfe, K. L., Kang, X., He, X., Dong, M., Zhang, Q., dan Liu, R. H. (2008). Celluler antioxidant activity of common fruits. J.Agric. Food Chem. 56(1): 8418-8426. World Health Organization. (1992). Quality Control Methods For Medical Plant Materials. Journal of WHO. 92(559): 25-28. WHO. (1998). Quality Control Methods For Medicinal Plant Materials. WHO/PHARM/92.559. Geneva: WHO. Halaman 16-27. Yilmaz, T., Kocan, E. G., Besler, H. T., Yilmaz, G., dan Gursel, B. (2004). The Role of Oxidants and Antioxidants in Otitis Media with Effusion in Children. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg.131(6): 797-803. 78 Universitas Sumatera Utara