DAFTAR ISI Halaman HALAMAN JUDUL

DAFTAR ISI
Halaman
HALAMAN JUDUL ...................................................................................... i
LEMBAR PENGESAHAN .......................................................................... ii
KATA PENGANTAR ................................................................................... iii
PERNYATAAN KEASLIAN TULISAN ..................................................... iv
DAFTAR ISI................................................................................................... v
DAFTAR GAMBAR ..................................................................................... ix
DAFTAR TABEL ......................................................................................... xi
DAFTAR PETA ............................................................................................. xiii
INTISARI ....................................................................................................... xiv
ABSTRACT .................................................................................................... xv
BAB I PENDAHULUAN
1.1 Latar Belakang ......................................................................................... 1
1.1.1 Perumusan Masalah ..................................................................... 4
1.1.2 Keaslian Penelitian ....................................................................... 4
1.2 Maksud, Tujuan dan Manfaat Penelitian ................................................ 14
1.2.1 Maksud Penelitian ........................................................................ 14
1.2.2 Tujuan Penelitian ......................................................................... 14
1.2.3 Manfaat Penelitian ....................................................................... 14
1.3 Peraturan ................................................................................................... 15
1.4 Tinjuan Pustaka ........................................................................................ 16
1.4.1 Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga Uap (PLTU) ...................................... 16
1.4.2 Udara ............................................................................................. 18
1.4.3 Pencemaran Udara dan Lingkungan Hidup .................................. 19
1.4.3.1 Pencemaran NO2 ............................................................... 22
1.4.3.2 Pencemaran SO2 ................................................................ 23
1.4.3.3 Pencemaran CO ................................................................. 24
1.4.3.4 Pencemaran Pb .................................................................. 27
1.4.3.5 Pencemaran Partikulat ....................................................... 27
1.4.4 Faktor-Faktor Lingkungan Penentu Penyebaran........................... 28
1.4.5 Pola Penyebaran Pencemaran Udara............................................. 31
1.4.5.1 Geographics Information System (GIS) ............................ 31
1.4.5.2 Pola Spasial dan Temporal ................................................ 31
1.4.6 Pengelolaan Udara ........................................................................ 32
1.5 Lingkup Daerah Penelitian ....................................................................... 34
1.5.1 Lokasi dan Letak serta Luas Daerah Penelitian ............................ 34
1.5.2 Kesampaian Daerah Penelitian ..................................................... 34
1.5.3 Batas Permasalahan Penelitian...................................................... 34
1.5.4 Batas Ekologi ................................................................................ 35
1.5.5 Batas Sosial ................................................................................... 35
BAB II RUANG LINGKUP PENELITIAN
2.1 Lingkup Kegiatan Usaha .......................................................................... 37
2.1.1 Profil Perusahaan .......................................................................... 38
2.1.2 Kegiatan PLTU Yang Dapat Mencemari Udara ........................... 40
2.2 Kerangka Alur Pikir Penelitian ................................................................. 41
BAB III CARA PENELITIAN
3.1 Jenis Metode Penelitian dan Parameter Yang Digunakan ........................ 43
3.2 Teknik Sampling dan Penentuan Lokasi Sampling .................................. 49
3.3 Perlengkapan Penelitian ............................................................................ 51
3.4 Tahapan Penelitian.................................................................................... 53
3.4.1 Tahap Persiapan ............................................................................ 54
3.4.2 Tahap Kerja Lapangan .................................................................. 55
3.4.2.1 Survei dan Pemetaan ......................................................... 56
3.4.2.1 Pengambilan Sampel Udara Ambien ................................ 57
3.4.3 Tahap Kerja Laboratorium ............................................................ 62
3.4.4 Tahap Kerja Studio ....................................................................... 62
3.4.4.1 Analisis Spasial & Temporal ............................................ 62
3.4.4.2 Analisis Faktor Lingkungan Penentu Kualitas Udara ....... 63
BAB IV RONA LINGKUNGAN HIDUP
4.1 Komponen Geofisik – Kimia .................................................................... 67
4.1.1 Iklim .............................................................................................. 67
4.1.2 Kualitas Udara............................................................................... 69
4.1.3 Bentuklahan .................................................................................. 72
4.1.4 Tanah............................................................................................. 73
4.1.5 Batuan ........................................................................................... 74
4.1.6 Tata Air ......................................................................................... 75
4.1.6.1 Air Permukaan .................................................................. 76
4.1.6.2 Airtanah ............................................................................. 77
4.2 Komponen Biotis ...................................................................................... 78
4.2.1 Flora .............................................................................................. 78
4.2.2 Fauna ............................................................................................. 81
4.3 Komponen Sosial ...................................................................................... 82
4.3.1 Demografi ..................................................................................... 82
4.3.2 Sosial Ekonomi ............................................................................. 83
4.3.3 Sosial Budaya ................................................................................ 85
4.3.4 Kesehatan Masyarakat .................................................................. 87
4.4 Penggunaan Lahan .................................................................................... 88
BAB V EVALUASI HASIL PENELITIAN
5.1 Kualitas udara Ambien ............................................................................. 92
5.2 Pola Penyebaran Spasial dan Temporal Kualitas Udara Ambien ............. 99
5.2.1 Pola Penyebaran Spasial dan Temporal Gas NO2 ......................... 99
5.2.2 Pola Penyebaran Spasial dan Temporal Gas SO2 ......................... 106
5.2.3 Pola Penyebaran Spasial dan Temporal Gas CO .......................... 113
5.2.4 Pola Penyebaran Spasial dan Temporal Debu/TSP ...................... 119
5.3 Analisis Faktor-Faktor Lingkungan Penentu Kualitas Udara ................... 126
5.3.1 Curah Hujan .................................................................................. 126
5.3.2 Arah dan Kecepatan Angin ........................................................... 132
5.3.3 Penggunaan Lahan ........................................................................ 135
5.3.4 Topografi ....................................................................................... 135
5.3.5 Barrier/Penghalang........................................................................ 136
BAB VI ARAHAN PENGELOLAAN
6.1 Pendekatan Teknis .................................................................................... 137
6.2 Pendekatan Vegetatif ................................................................................ 139
6.3 Pendekatan Sosial ..................................................................................... 139
6.4 Pendekatan Institusi .................................................................................. 140
BAB VII KESIMPULAN DAN SARAN
7.1 Kesimpulan ............................................................................................... 141
7.2 Saran ......................................................................................................... 142
DAFTAR PUSTAKA
LAMPIRAN
DAFTAR GAMBAR
Halaman
Gambar 1.1 Skema PLTU Batubara .................................................................16
Gambar 1.2 Kontribusi Senyawa Kimia Toksik ...............................................21
Gambar 2.1 Kerangka Alur Pikir Penelitian .....................................................42
Gambar 3.1 Perlengkapan Penelitian ................................................................52
Gambar 3.2 Diagram Alir Tahapan Penelitian .................................................53
Gambar 3.3 Tabung/Botol Penjerap Midget Impinger .....................................58
Gambar 3.4 Sketsa Alat Sampling NO2, SO2, dan CO .................................... 58
Gambar 3.5 Pengambilan Sampel Udara Ambien ........................................... 60
Gambar 3.6 Pengukuran Kec. Angin, Suhu, Tekanan & Kelembaban ............ 61
Gambar 4.1 Bentuklahan Dataran Aluvial di Daerah Penelitian ..................... 73
Gambar 4.2 Tanah Aluvial ............................................................................... 74
Gambar 4.3 Endapan Aluvial ........................................................................... 75
Gambar 4.4 Pengelolaan Air Limbah .............................................................. 76
Gambar 4.5 Saluran Air Limbah Bahang ........................................................ 75
Gambar 4.6 Air Permukaan ............................................................................. 75
Gambar 4.7 Kolam Penampung Air Lindi ....................................................... 77
Gambar 4.8 Sumur Pantau ............................................................................... 77
Gambar 4.9 Sumur di Permukiman ................................................................. 78
Gambar 4.10 Sumur di Pematang Pantai ......................................................... 78
Gambar 4.11 Jenis Flora di Daerah Penelitian................................................. 80
Gambar 4.12 Jenis Fauna di Daerah Penelitian ............................................... 82
Gambar 4.13 Mata Pencaharian di Daerah Penelitian ..................................... 85
Gambar 4.14 Sedekah Laut (Larungan ala Cilacap) ........................................ 86
Gambar 4.15 Fasilitas Umum di Daerah Penelitian......................................... 86
Gambar 4.16 Penggunaan Lahan di Daerah Penelitian ................................... 89
Gambar 5.1 Grafik Fluktuasi Konsentrasi NO2 Ambien ................................. 93
Gambar 5.2 Grafik Fluktuasi SO2 Ambien ...................................................... 94
Gambar 5.3 Grafik Fluktuasi CO Ambien ....................................................... 95
Gambar 5.4 Grafik Fluktuasi Pb Ambien ........................................................ 96
Gambar 5.5 Grafik Fluktuasi Debu/TSP Ambien ............................................ 97
Gambar 5.6 Grafik Fluktuasi PM10 Ambien .................................................... 98
Gambar 5.7 Grafik Fluktuasi Curah Hujan – Konsentrasi Gas NO2 ............... 126
Gambar 5.8 Grafik Fluktuasi Curah Hujan – Konsentrasi Gas SO2 ................ 127
Gambar 5.9 Grafik Fluktuasi Curah Hujan – Konsentrasi Gas CO ................. 128
Gambar 5.10 Grafik Fluktuasi Curah Hujan – Konsentrasi Pb ....................... 129
Gambar 5.11 Grafik Fluktuasi Curah Hujan – Konsentrasi Debu/TSP ........... 130
Gambar 5.12 Grafik Fluktuasi Curah Hujan – Konsentrasi PM10 ................... 131
Gambar 6.1 CEMS (Continous Emission Monitoring System) ....................... 138
Gambar 6.2 Menyimpan Fly Ash di Ash Silo ................................................... 138
Gambar 6.3 Sprayer Air Pada Coal Yard......................................................... 138
Gambar 6.4 Truk Penyiram Jalan .................................................................... 138
Gambar 6.5 Paranet Pagar Keliling di Coal Yard ............................................ 138
DAFTAR TABEL
Halaman
Tabel 1.1 Keaslian Penelitian ............................................................................ 6
Tabel 1.2 Peraturan Perundang-undangan ......................................................... 15
Tabel 3.1 Komponen Lingkungan dan Parameter ............................................. 47
Tabel 3.2 Asumsi dari Kriteria & Indikator ...................................................... 48
Tabel 3.3 Perlengkapan Penelitian ..................................................................... 51
Tabel 3.4 Parameter yang Dibuthkan, Jenis Data, dan Sumber Data ................ 55
Tabel 3.5 Lokasi Titik Pengambilan Sampel Udara Ambien ............................ 57
Tabel 3.6 Metode Analisis dan Baku Mutu Udara Ambien............................... 62
Tabel 4.1 Data Curah Hujan Bulanan di Daerah Penelitian .............................. 67
Tabel 4.2 Data Iklim Bulanan di Daerah Penelitian .......................................... 68
Tabel 4.3 Persentase Arah dan Kecepatan Angin di Daerah Penelitian ............ 68
Tabel 4.4 Tipe Iklim Schmidt – Fergusson Berdasarkan Nilai Q ...................... 68
Tabel 4.5 Hasil Pengukuran NO2 Ambien ......................................................... 70
Tabel 4.6 Hasil Pengukuran SO2 Ambien.......................................................... 70
Tabel 4.7 Hasil Pengukuran CO Ambien .......................................................... 71
Tabel 4.8 Hasil Pengukuran Pb Ambien ............................................................ 71
Tabel 4.9 Hasil Pengukuran Debu/TSP Ambien ............................................... 71
Tabel 4.10 Hasil Pengukuran PM10 Ambien...................................................... 72
Tabel 4.11 Jenis-Jenis Tanaman di Daerah Penelitian....................................... 79
Tabel 4.12 Jenis-Jenis Hewan di Daerah Penelitian .......................................... 81
Tabel 4.13 Luas Wilayah dan Kepadatan Penduduk ......................................... 83
Tabel 4.14 Jenis-Jenis Pekerjaan Penduduk di Daerah Penelitian ..................... 84
Tabel 4.15 Jumlah Pemeluk Agama dan Kepercayaan Penduduk ..................... 85
Tabel 4.16 Sarana dan Fasilitas Umum di Daerah Penelitian ............................ 86
Tabel 4.17 Pola Penyakit di Daerah Penelitian .................................................. 87
Tabel 4.18 Jenis Penyakit Dalam Kegiatan Pengobatan Gratis PLTU .............. 88
Tabel 4.19 Data Tenaga Kerja Kesehatan Puskesmas Karangkandri II ............ 88
Tabel 4.20 Penggunaan Lahan di Daerah Penelitian ......................................... 89
Tabel 5.1 Arah dan Kecepatan Angin Triwulan IV Tahun 2014 ....................... 132
Tabel 5.2 Arah dan Kecepatan Angin Triwulan I Tahun 2015.......................... 133
Tabel 5.3 Arah dan Kecepatan Angin Triwulan II Tahun 2015 ........................ 133
Tabel 5.4 Arah dan Kecepatan Angin Triwulan III Tahun 2015 ....................... 134
Tabel 6.1 Tanaman Penyerap dan Pereduksi Berbagai Polutan ........................ 139
DAFTAR PETA
Halaman
Peta 1.1 Batas Daerah Penelitian ....................................................................... 36
Peta 3.1 Pengamatan dan Pengambilan Sampel ................................................ 50
Peta 4.1 Penggunaan Lahan ............................................................................... 91
Peta 5.1 Pola Penyebaran Spasial Gas NO 2 Triwulan IV .................................. 102
Peta 5.2 Pola Penyebaran Spasial Gas NO 2 Triwulan I ..................................... 103
Peta 5.3 Pola Penyebaran Spasial Gas NO 2 Triwulan II .................................... 104
Peta 5.4 Pola Penyebaran Spasial Gas NO 2 Triwulan III ................................... 105
Peta 5.5 Pola Penyebaran Spasial Gas SO2 Triwulan IV ................................... 109
Peta 5.6 Pola Penyebaran Spasial Gas SO2 Triwulan I ...................................... 110
Peta 5.7 Pola Penyebaran Spasial Gas SO2 Triwulan II ..................................... 111
Peta 5.8 Pola Penyebaran Spasial Gas SO2 Triwulan III ................................... 112
Peta 5.9 Pola Penyebaran Spasial Gas CO Triwulan IV .................................... 115
Peta 5.10 Pola Penyebaran Spasial Gas CO Triwulan I ..................................... 116
Peta 5.11 Pola Penyebaran Spasial Gas CO Triwulan II.................................... 117
Peta 5.12 Pola Penyebaran Spasial Gas CO Triwulan III .................................. 118
Peta 5.13 Pola Penyebaran Spasial Debu/TSP Triwulan IV .............................. 122
Peta 5.14 Pola Penyebaran Spasial Debu/TSP Triwulan I ................................. 123
Peta 5.15 Pola Penyebaran Spasial Debu/TSP Triwulan II ................................ 124
Peta 5.16 Pola Penyebaran Spasial Debu/TSP Triwulan III .............................. 125