Model Teoritik Hubungan Kepuasan Berhuni Dengan

RINGKASAN
Kepuasan penghuni terhadap lingkungan huniannya (Residential satisfaction) secara teoritis
merupakan salah satu faktor penentu terbentuknya ikatan batin atau kelekatan psikologis
seseorang terhadap suatu tempat atau lingkungan huniannya {place attachment). Kepuasan
berhuni muncul karena persepsi positif penghuni terhadap kualitas lingkungan huniannya.
Hubungan antara kepuasan berhuni (residential satisfaction), yang dijembatani oleh persepsi
terhadap kua!".as lingkungan hunian, dengan place attachment merupakan persoalan mendasar
dalam bidang ilmu psikologi lingkungan dan hal yang penting untuk dikaji untuk menjelaskan
hubjngan antara manusia dengan lingkungan hunian mereka.
Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendapatkan model teoritik pengaruh kepuasan berhuni atau
residential satisfaction, yang dioperasionalkan melalui persepsi penghuni terhadap kualitar
lingkungan hunian, terhadap place attachment atau ikatan batin antara penghuni dengan
lingkungan huniannya. Studi kasus dilakukan pada kota Malang, yang merupakan kota kedua
terbesar di Jawa Timur setelah Surabaya, dan memiliki karakteristik sebagai kota hunian
masyarakat dengan keanekaragaman hunian.
Dengan menggunakan multi stage probability sampling , terpilih 250 responden yang merupakan
masyarakat dari berbagai wilayah yang mewakili 10 Kelurahan di Kota Malang. Responden
diminta untuk mengisi self administered questionnaire, yang terdiri dari tiga bagian pertanyaan.
Bagian pertama mcnggali aspek manusia yang terdiri dari variabel sosial-demografi dan variabel
residensial Bagian kedua kuesioner menggali penilaian kualitas lingkungan hunian menurut
persepsi penghuni dalam 4 aspek: arsitektur dan perencanaan kota; hubungan sosial; pelayanan
masyarakat; dan aspek kontekstual. Bagian ketiga kuesiokedua dan ketiga menggunakan
pengukuran skala Likert yang terdiri dari 7 skala dari "sangat tidak setuju" (nilai 1) sampai
dengan "sangat setuju" (nilai 7).
Masyarakat sebagai partisipan dalam penelitian ini sebagian terbesar berusia 31-55 tahun (79,8%
dari responden), 83,3% responden berpendidikan SMU/SMK ke atas, dengan tingkat sosial
ekonomi menengah ke bawah. Sebagian besar responden (77%) telah tinggal di kota Malang
lebih dari 30 tahun dan setidaknya 76,4% dari mereka telah tinggal di lingkungan hunian mereka
saat ini selama lebih dari 15 tahun. Rata-rata setiap rumah dihuni oleh 4 orang.
Hasil analisis faktor yang dilakukan pada data penilaian kualitas lingkungan hunian berdasarkan
persepsi masyarakat, ditemukan secara keseluruhan ada 40 faktor kua'itas lingkungan hunian,
yang terdiri dari 12 faktor dari aspek arsitektur dan perencanaan kota (yang menjelaskan 56,6%
hingga 72,8% varians dalam masyarakat), 7 faktor hubungan sosial (yang menjelaskan 71,2%
varians dalam masyarakat), 14 faktor pelayanan masyarakat (yang menjelaskan 61,2% hingga
71% varians dalam masyarakat), dan 7 faktor aspek tautan lokal atau kontekstual (yang
menjelaskan 65,2% hingga 71,8% varians dalam masyarakat). Faktor-faktor tersebut, yang
merupakan indeks kualitas lingkungan hunian, kemudian dilihat pengaruhnya terhadap
terbentuknya place attachmentdengan menggunakan path analysis.
Path analysis dilakukan terhadap indeks persepsi terhadap kualitas lingkungan hunian dengan
indeks place attachment secara terpisah untuk setiap aspek kuaiitas lingkungan hunian dari ke-4
aspek kualitas lingkungan hunian (arsitektur dan perencanaan kota; hubungan sosial; pelayanan
masyarakat; dan aspek tautan atau kontekstual). Dari model hubungan yang terbentuk pada
setiap aspek dipilih prediktor terbaik dalam memprediksi place attachment. Selanjutnya
prediktor-prediktor terbaik dalam memprediksi place attachment untuk setiap aspek digunakan
dalam menyusun model teoritik hubungan antara kepujsan berhuni (yang dioperasionalkan
melalui persepsi masyarakat terhadap kualitas lingkungan hunian) dengan place attachment.
Hasil penelitian menemukan 8 indeks kualitas lingkungan hunian yang merupakan prediktorner
terdiri dari 6 pertanyaan untuk mengukur place attachment, yaitu ikatan batin citau kelekatan
psikologis antara individu dengan lingkungan huniannya. Bagianterbaik bagi terbentuknya place
attachment, yaitu (1) fungsional bangunan (kesesuaian fungsi-fungsi bangunan di lingkungan
hunian); (2) kualitas pemeliharaan utilitas lingkungan; (3) sosial budaya masyarakat di
lingkungan hunian; (4) ukuran bangunan (kesesuaian ukuran bangunan yang membentuk suasana
di lingkungan hunian); (5) kualitas fasilitas pendidikan; (6) tersedianya fasilitas bagi kegiatan
remaja dan kegiatan keagamaan; (7) estetika bangunan-bangunan di lingkungan hunian
masyarakat; (8) faktor keamanan lingkungan dari tindak kejahatan. Secara keseluruhan
kedelapan indeks kualitas lingkungan hunian tersebut memberikan kontribusi sebesar 57,5%
terhadap terbentuknya place attachmant (rasa keterikatan/ikatan ps'kologis antara masyarakat
dengan linqkungan huniannya), sedangkan yang 42,5% ditentukan oleh faktor lain yang tidak
ditemukan dalam penelitian ini. Diharapkan penelitian berikutnya dapat mengungkap faktorfaktor lain yang menentukan terbentuknya place attachment untuk dapat melengkapi hasil
penelitian ini.
SUMMARY
Residential satisfaction, the dweller satisfaction on his dwelling environment, is theoretically one
of the determining factors that forms place attachment, the person spiritual bonding or
psychological attachment with a certain p'ace or dwelling environment. Residential satisfaction
develops as the result of positive perception of dweller on the quality of his housing
environment. The relationship between residential satisfaction with place attachment is linked
by the perception on the quality of the dwelling environment. This relationship is a basic issue in
environmental psychology and important to be assessed to explain the relationship between
human and their dwelling environment.
The aim of this research is to obtain the theoretical model of the residential satisfaction influence
on place attachment, the spiritual bonding between the dweller and his dwelling environment.
Residential satisfaction is operationalized through the dweller's perception on the quality of
dwelling environment. A case study is carried out on Malang, the second biggest city after
Surabaya in East Jawa. Malang is also a residential city which has a variety form of dwelling.
Using mult/ stage probability samp/ing, 250 respondents were selected from the population of
various area representing 10 Kelurahan in Malang. Respondents were requested to fill a set of
self administered questionnaire, which was divided into three groups of questions. The first part
of the questionnaire examined the human aspects which consist of socio-demography and
residential variables. The second part examined the evaluation of the housing environment
quality based on the dweller perception. There are four aspects for this evaluation: architecture
and city planning; social relationship; community services; and contextual aspect;. The third part
of questionnaire consists of 6 questions to measure place attachment, the spiritual bonding or
psychological attachment between individual and his housing environment. The;econd and third
part of the questionnaire was carried out using Likert scale neasurement which contained 7 scale
form "very disagree" (value 1) to "very 3gree" (value 7).
Most of the participants in this research were 31-55 year old (79,8%). \mong the respondent
83,3% hold High School degree or higher and were from middle low socio-economic level. Most
of the respondents had lived in Malang for more than 30 years and at least 76,4% of them had
been living in their housing environment for more than 15 years. The average of person living in
every house was 4 persons.
Factor analysis on the data of housing environment quality evaluation based on public perception
shows 40 factors of housing environment quality. These 40 factors of housing environment
quality consist of 12 factors of architecture and city planning aspects (explaining 56,6% to 72,8%
variance within public), 7 factors of social relationship (explaining 71,2% variance within
public), 14 factors of public service (explaining 61,2% to 71% variance within public), and 7
factors of local contextual aspect (explaining 65,2% to 71,8% variance within public). These
factors which become the index of housing environment were then assessed using path analysis
to see the influence on place attachment
Path analysis was carried out to the index of perception on housing environment quality and
pkce attachment, separately for every housing environment aspects (architecture and city
planning; social relationship; public service; and contextual aspect). From the relationship model
that built on every aspect, the best predictors for place attachment were selected. Then, these
best predictors were ur.ed in developing theoretical model of the relationship between residential
satisfaction (operationalized through public perception on housing environment quality) with
place attachment. (2) quality of environmental utility maintenance; (3) public sociocultural in the
housing environment; (4) building dimension (the appropriateness of building dimension that
create the atmosphere in the housing environment); (5) quality of educational facility; (6) supply
of facility for adolescent and religious activity ; (7) buildings aesthetic in the housing
environment; (8) factor of environmental security from crime. In general, the 8 index of housing
environment quality contribute 57,5% to place attachment(the psychological bonding between
public and their housing environment). Other 42,5% are determined by other factor which was
not found in this research. Future research then will be expected to complete this research by
discovering other factors determining place attachment.
The result finds out 8 index of housing environment quality that became the best predictors for
the formation of place attachment, these are (1) building function (the appropriateness of
building functions in the housing environment);
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