Technology Management

What is a
Chief Technology Officer (CTO)

His job as one of creating value and acting as an agent of change within the firm

His job not as one of development of technology
Technology Definition
1.
The branch of knowledge that deal with
industrial arts, applied science, or engineering.
2.
The terminology of an art or science; or
3.
A technological process invention, method, or
the like and some of the ways in which a social
group provides themselves with the material
objects of their civilization.
Technology definition
Technology is the practical implemetation
of learning and knowledge by individuals
and organizations to aid human endeavor.
Technology is the knowledge, products,
processes, tools, and systems used in the
creation of goods or in the provision of
services.
Management of Technology
Is defined as linking “engineering, science,
and management disciplines to plan,
develop, and implement technological
capabilities to shape and accomplish the
strategic and operational objectives of an
organization.”
Levels of Development
LEVEL OF KNOELEDGE
3 Variabel Kunci untuk mendorong
DAYA SAING
1.
Strategic Leadership, bahwa perusahaan diarahkan pada
jalur yang benar dalam hal produk, pasar dan
semacamnya.
2.
A motivated and committed workforce, mencari budaya
kerja “high performance”
3.
Effective use of technology, untuk mendorong outcome
organisasi yang efektif dan bersaing.
Sub-bidang manajemen
teknologi:

Strategi teknologi

Pengembangan kemampuan teknologikal

Manajemen inovasi

Prakiraan teknologikal

Rintangan-rintangan adopsi teknologi

Fleksibilitas Teknologi dan manufaktur

E-Business
7 kualitas yang menentukan keberhasilan teknologi
dalam industri
1.
Functional performance (Kinerja fungsional).
2.
Acquisition costs (Harga Beli).
3.
Easy of use characteristics (Sifat mudah pakai).
4.
Operating Costs (Biaya Operasi).
5.
Reliability (KeHandalan)
6.
Serviceability (Bisa digunakan)
7.
Compatibility (Kompatibel)
Technology: Definition
and Characteristic
Teknologi Menurut Webster’s Dictionary
didefinisikan menurut 3 cara:
1.
Cabang Ilmu Pengetahuan yang berkenaan
dengan seni industrial, sain terapan, atau
rekayasa (engineering),
2.
Terminologi seni dan sain,
3.
Proses, invensi, metoda atau sejenisnya.
Jadi
Kata TECHNOLOGY
mempunyai berbagai arti, mulai
dari berbagai jenis produk
sampai berbagai disiplin ilmu
dan rekayasa.
Embedded in the definition is the
notion of knowledge
 The
key to economic progress has been the
advance in knowledge created by human beings
over the centuries
 Knowledge
 We
lies at the heart of economic progress.
will anchor our definition of technology in
knowledge.
Level of Development
1.
Individuals develop ideas, theories, or perspectives that are
known only to them or their colleagues or the group to which
they belong. The tacit knowledge may be derived from their
experiences, experimentation, or imagination.
2.
The second level consists of tacit knowledge that is verified and
codified through a scientific process of experimentation. As a
result of scientific verification and codification, the knowledge
becomes available to a large number of people.
3.
Finally, there is a level of development where the knowledge is
put to use—physically embodied in products, services, or
procedure.
Intuitive/Tacit
Diverifikasi dan
kodifikasi melalui
proses ilmiah
Ide, teori, perspektif, yg
hanya diketahui hanya oleh
mereka atau koleganya
Codify
Verify
Science Formalized Knowledge
Develop
Physically Embodied
Product and Process
Tacit Knowledge diformalkan dan
disajikan dlm bahasa yg dpt
dikomunikasikan
Technology as Socially
Constructed
1.
Opportunity. Technology development takes place when human beings
perceive an opportunity for improvement due to either intrinsic or economic reasons.
2.
Appropriability. In many cases, where the technolgy development is due to
economic motives, individuals will pursue development only to the extent that there is
a reasonable assurance that the fruits of their labor will flow back to the developers.
3.
Transferability. Technology or knowledge transfer is not smooth; knowledge is
sticky. When human beings communicate, there is no perfect correspondence
between the message that the sender intends and the one understood by the
receiver.
4.
Resources. Tehcnology development consumes resources. The most obvious
resources involved are money, time, and people. In addition, other reources—
collateral assets—may be needed to exploit at technology opportunity.
1950
1970
1980
1990s
R&D
Management
Mgt of
Innovation
Technology
Strategy
Value-Based
Management
Era of Plentiful Resources
Allocation of
Funds to projects
Era of Accountablitity
New venture
division
Linking to
business
Broader vision
Of technology
Innovation
management
Different
Organizational
arrangement
Outsourching
Tools to assess
value
Scientific &
Engineers
Internal markets
Leadership
R&D Manager
Evolution Of Managemet Of Technology
Chief Technology Officer
Definisi Manajemen
Teknologi
Management of technology
links engineering,
science, and management
disciplines to plan, to
develop, and to implement
technological capabilities
to shape and accomplish
the strategic and
operational goals of an
organization
Manajemen teknologi
menghubungkan rekayasa, ilmu
dan manajemen untuk
merencanakan, mengembangkan
dan menerapkan kemampuan
teknologikal untuk membentuk
dan merealisasikan sasaran
strategic dan operatinal
suatu organisasi.
3 Ide dari definisi tersebut
1.
Penekanan manajemen teknologi pada pencapaian tujuan
organisasi. Kita akan melihat value creation bagi investor
sebagai tujuan utama manajemen teknologi dalam korporasi.
2.
Manajemen teknologi memfokuskan pada pengembangan
kemampuan teknologikal dan implementasinya atau
penerapannya pada produk dan proses.
3.
Manajemen teknologi dalam korporasi dihubungkan dengan
kegiatan manajemen lainnya seperti marketing dan
manufacturing.
Redefinisi Manajemen
Teknologi
Management of technology
focuses on the principles
of strategy and
organization involved in
technology choise guided by
the purpose of creating
value for investor
Manajemen teknologi
memfokuskan pada prinsipprinsip strategi dan
organisasi yang terdapat
dalam pemilihan teknologi
yang dipandu dengan tujuan
menciptakan nilai bagi
investor.
Purpose
Value-Driven
How
What
Organization
And Management
Technology
Strategy
Technology
Choices
Managemet Of Technology
2 PERSPEKTIF DLM MGT:
A. Market Base View
B. Resource Base View

Market Base View: Management konsentrasi pada lingkungan industri
perusahaan tersebut, posisi relatifnya dibanding para pesaing, dan
bagaimana memuaskan pelanggan.

Resource Base View: Ketika lingkungan berubah, perusahaan yang
merupakan kumpulan resources dan capabilities, boleh jadi sebuah basis yg
stabil utk mendefinisikan identitasnya. Secara umum, perubahan dengan laju
yang lebih besar pada lingkungan perusahaan, maka internal resources dan
capabilities akan memberikan dasar khusus untuk pengambilan keputusan
jangka panjang.
Market Based and
Resources Based View
Dimension
Market Based
Resource Based
Drivers of strategy
Unique resources
Derivatives
Customer and
competitors
Resources
Strategy profile
Positional
Core competencies
Appropriate contexts
Mature markets
Dynamic markets
Market opportunities
4 Key Koncept
1.
The Firm as a Value Chain
2.
Industries as Competitive Domain
3.
Forms of Technological Change
4.
Value Creation and Competitive Advantage
Firm as a Value
Chain

Setiap perusahaan adalah sekumpulan dari aktivitas untuk DESIGN,
PRODUCE, MARKET, DEVELOP, SUPPORT.

Semua kegiatan ini dapat digambarkan sebagai VALUE CHAIN
(Rantai Nilai).
Value chain terdiri
2 kegiatan:
1.
PRIMARY ACTIVITY. Terdiri dari 5 aktivitas generik: inbound
logistic, operation, outbound logistic, marketing dan service
2.
SUPPORT ACITIVITY. Dapat dibagi menjadi 4 aktivitas
generik: procurement, technology development, human
resources management, dan firm infrastructure.
Value Chain
Firm Infrastructure
Human Resources Management
Technology Development
Procurement
Inbound
Logistics
Operation
Outbound
Logistics
Marketing
And Sales
Services
Industries as Competitive Domain
Industri
merupakan sekelompok perusahaan
yang menawarkan barang atau jasa yang
sama kepada customer.
Industri tersebut merupakan wilayah di mana
perusahaan-perusahaan incumbent
melakukan persaingan.
Jadi industri merupakan competitive domain
Klasifikasi Industri Berdasarkan:
Key Competitive Resources
1.
Capacity. Pada industri capacity driven capital investment fisik
relativ besar dibanding biaya atau nilai tambahnya. Contoh:
industri baja.
2.
Customers. Pada industri customer-driven, investasi di brand atau
customer merupakan bagian besar dari biaya atau nilai tambah.
Contoh: industri bir.
3.
Knowledge. Pada industri knowledge-driven, investasi R&D
cenderung merupakan bagian besar dari biaya atau nilai tambah.
Contoh: industri kimia.
Klasifikasi Industri
Capacity Driven
Food processing
Customer Driven
Food products
Knowledge driven
Electical equipment
Textiles
Customer chemical products
Specialty chemicals
Basic metals
Household durables
Transport equipment
Stone, clay product
Glass, ceramic products
Scientific equipment
Basic chemicals
Pulp and paper
Software
Forms of Technological
Change
Process
Technology

Merupakan teknik memproduksi dan memasarkan barang atau
jasa.

Process Technology meliputi work method, equipment, distribution,
dan logistic.

Oleh karena itu, process technology melekat pada VALUE CHAIN.
Product
Technology

Merupakan elemen teknologi yang melekat pada
barang atau jasa yg dihasilkan suatu perusahaan.
Contoh: Mobil BBG dan Mobil Elektrik merupakan
product technology dalam industri mobil.

Perubahan dalam product technology
menambah fitur baru atau memberikan substitusi
yang lebih baik atas produk yang ada sekarang.
JADI ….

PROCESS TECHNOLOGY refer to the way an organiation
conducts its business, whereas product technology refers to
the output of an organization.

Distinction between process and product technologuy
depends on the nature of the firm.

What is often a product technology for one firm may very well
be a process technology for another firm.
Mangapa membedakan Process
Technology dan Product Technology?
1.
Dibandingkan perubahan teknologi produk, perubahan teknologi
proses kurang visible (nampak) dalam marketplace.
2.
Baik perubahan teknologi proses maupun teknologi produk punya
implikasi pada kinerja ekonomis. Pada banyak kasus, perubahan
teknologi proses membuatnya feasible untuk mengurangi biaya
dan waktu siklusnya, serta memperbaiki kualitas produknya.
3.
Teknologi produk membantu perusahaan bersaing untuk
pelanggan, perubahan teknologi produk membantu perusahaan
redefine cakupan produk/pasar mereka.
Value Creation and
Competitive Advantage
Customer
Value
Creation
Kompetitive
Advantage
Higher rate
of profit